This paper is an attempt to discover cognates for the Ryukyu locative-directive case suffixes gari/*ri/*ra and gati/*ti in Old Japanese, Old Korean, Manchu-Tungus, Mongolian, and Old Turkic.
The Ryukyu locative-directive case suffixes gari/*ri/ra are compared to the fossilized Old Japanese directive case suffixes gari, dative-locative *ri/*ra; Old Korean lative case suffix *ryu, directive case suffix *ri; Ma-Tg directive case suffix ri; Mongolian directive case suffix ru;and Old Turkic locative-directive case suffixes ru/ra/ry, directive case suffix gärü.
The other Ryukyu directive case suffixes gati/ti are compared with the fossilized Old Japanese directive case suffix *ti, the Manchu-Tungus directive *ti, the fossilized Mongolian directive *ti, and the Old Turkic dative-locative *ti.
All these pieces of evidence lead us to the conclusion that the Ryukyu locative-directive case suffixes and directive case suffixes are of Altaic origin.

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トルコ語のアクセントに関するこれまでの議論は，強さアクセントであることを前提にして，最終音節にストレスがない例外アクセントにおいてストレスの位置がどこにあるのかを指定することを模索するというのが主流であった。本稿では，強さアクセントではなく，高さアクセントであることを前提にして，どこに下がり目が指定されるかを考察している。その結果，下がり目がなければ基本アクセント，下がり目があれば例外アクセントとし，例外アクセントには主に2種のタイプがあることを提示した。例外アクセントAはその前に下がり目があればその前の下がり目を優先するタイプで，例外アクセントBはその下がり目が最優先されるタイプである。また，例外アクセントには，意味カテゴリー表示機能によって，初頭音節の直後に下がり目があるタイプがあることも提示した。

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A field survey on honorific expressions was carried out at Nezu area and Nishikata area in Tokyo in 1981. The two areas are located near to each other, but they differ greatly in appearance. According to the informants' consciousness, Nezu area is regarded as the traditional downtown shopping district (“shitamachi”) and Nishikata area as the uptown more residential section (“yamanote”). The field survey showed that people in both areas differ in their educational level, occupation, and income. Consequently, the two areas can be distinguished not by geography but by the social class of the residents, at least in contemporary Tokyo:“shitamachi” can be regarded as lower class residential and “yamanote” as middle class.
A difference in honorific usage was also observed between the two areas. Residents of Nishikata area use more polite forms, whatever the situation, than those of Nezu area. This implies that the function of honorific expressions is not only to show respect to someone else but also to display the speaker's own dignity.

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