This work is the first report on activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K in Inonotus obliquus sampled in a virgin forest of Siberia. The results have shown that the

conk is characterized by high activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, averaging 1,641 Bq/kg dry weight (DW) and peaking at 3,502 Bq/kg DW. Activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K in conks have been defined to increase from the near-trunk stratum to the crust of the conk with increased exposure to the solar radiation. Our measurements have revealed the samples to be mildly contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs. Intensive assimilation of ⁴⁰K by conks has been shown as a normal and innate feature of the wild mushroom.

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チャーガ（Inonotus obliquus の菌核）は，ロシア，ポーランド，バルト海の数ヵ国で癌，心血管疾患，糖尿病の治療に民間療法として広く使われてきた．本研究では，チャーガの内服が，7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene でイニシエーションをし 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate でプロモートするマウス皮膚二段階発癌を抑制することが明らかになった．

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Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat (, in Russia, kabanoanatake in Japan) is a fungus having been used as a folk medicine in Russia and said to have many health beneficial functions such as immune modulating and anti-cancer activities. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of hot water extract (decoction) of was precisely compared with those of other medicinal fungi (Agaricus blazei Mycelia, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus) showing had the strongest antioxidant activity among fungi examined in terms of both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities. Further determination of the antioxidant potential of isolated fruiting body (brown part) and Sclerotium (black part) revealed the 80% MeOH extract of fruiting body had the highest potential as high as that of decoction. Finally, seven antioxidant components were isolated and purified from the 80% MeOH extract of fruiting body, and their chemical structures were determined as small phenolics as follows: 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl ethyl ester (BAEE), protocatechic acid (PCA), caffeic acid (CA), 3,4-dihybenzaladehyde (DB), 2,5-dihydroxyterephtalic acid (DTA), syringic acid (SA) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL). Notably, BAEE was assigned as the new compound firstly identified from the natural source in the present study.

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Glycation reactions between proteins and sugars or their metabolites produce advanced glycation end-products, and the glycation of collagen in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) causes skin spots and freckles. UV exposure induces oxidative stress in NHDF, which overexpresses enzymes that degrade collagen, resulting in dry skin and wrinkling. Herein, we produced a novel polyphenolic decoction of

mushroom extracted with a fermentation medium. polyphenol decoction (CPD) inhibited the glycation of albumin and collagen gel 3 to 4 times more than 2-aminoguanidine. The antioxidant effects of CPD were investigated using the fluorescence of an intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and NHDF exposed to UV-A for 60 min (9.5 J/cm²) after pre-treatment with 190 jig/mL of CPD suppressed ROS scavenger emission by 50 % compared to treatment with phosphate buffer saline. These results suggest that CPD might be a promising glycation inhibitor and ROS scavenger.

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【Background】

Since the malignancy of dog bladder cancer (BC) is higher than human BC, most BC bearing dogs die early. In our laboratory, we established the method of bladder cancer organoid culture using the cancer stem cells in their urine samples. On the one hand, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has been increasing in veterinary medicine. In our laboratory, we treated dog BC organoids with 39 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines. Among them, we clarified anti-proliferative effects of

mushroom and Panax notoginseng-containing traditional Chinese medical supplement, Shibe-ria on dog BC stem cells.

【Object】

This study aimed to clarify anti-proliferative mechanisms and components of Shibe-ria on dog BC organoids.

【Methods and Results】

Dog BC organoids were treated with Shibe-ria (100 μg/ml) for 6-24 hours and the expression of cancer stem cell markers was evaluated using Real time PCR. The expression of CD44 and SOX2 mRNA was significantly reduced. On the one hand, Dog BC organoids were treated with Shibe-ria extracted by various solvents (50-100 μg/ml) for 72 hours, respectively. The cell viability of the organoids was assessed by Alamarblue assay. Shibe-ria extracted by 20 %, 50 %, 70 % methanol suppressed cell viability of dog BC organoids.

【Discussion】

We for the first time demonstrated that Shibe-ria inhibited the proliferation of dog BC organoids by suppressing expression of CD44 and SOX2 mRNA. Components in Shibe-ria extracted by 20 %, 50 %, 70 % methanol were suggested to inhibit the proliferation of dog BC organoids.

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In radiotherapy, it use to single and combination of radiation and chemotherapy by side effect becomes have a most problem. In this study, and propolis investigated anti-oxidation action, SOD-activity, immunization activation activity and anti-cancer effect. Furthermore, we reviewed reduction of side effect by radiation protection in combination with radiotherapy. The rate that a patient is saved will be highest without lowering immunization action of a patient by putting these and an immunization effect with if a treatment is pushed forward. We think that which is an effective ingredient of flavonoids, beta-1,3D-glucan and alkaloid. Therefore, the immunization reinforcement action, anti-oxidation action, anti-inflammatory action and an indirectly anti-cancer effect were provided by self-healing power. In addition, we think that altefirin C and tritelpenoid was effects by anti-cancer material of a propolis having a high anti-cancer effect of acts on a direct tumor and an anti-cancer effect was provided. [J Radiat Res 44:424 (2003)]

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Basidiomycetes-X (BDM-X) is a novel edible mushroom recently identified as a new fungi species and registered to the database of the NPO organization for International Patent Organism Depositing (IPOD) in the Industrial Technology Institute of Japan (PCT/JP2004/006418). In the present study, we examined anti-oxidant activity of hot water extract of this novel fungus both in vitro and in vivo together with Agaricus Blazei Murill (ABM), a commercially available medicinal mushroom, and other reference antioxidants. As results, the hot water extract of BDM-X showed more potent anti-oxidative actions compared with that of ABM, when evaluated by 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Potential (FRP), and also the inhibition of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates. Further, the protective activity of BDM-X extract towards lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic oxidative damage was compared with ABM and α-lipoic acid in the mice pre-administered with these antioxidants. It was revealed that all of these antioxidants inhibited the LPS-induced oxidative tissue damage but the hot water extract of BDM-X showed the strongest protection among them. For example, the dose for 50% inhibition of carbonyl formation in liver was 0.53 g dry weight/kg body weight/d for BDM-X and the value corresponded to 16 mmol of α-lipoic acid as an antioxidant reference/kg body weight/d.

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The separation of the blood cells of Styela rustica (Styelidae, Stolidobranchiae) in discontinuous Percoll gradient showed 4 fractions. The 4th and bottom most fraction contained 90-100% of morula cells. The protein composition of the morula cell fraction revealed on SDS-PAGE showed two major proteins with m.w. 47 and 26 kDa. These proteins were heavily positively charged. Polyclonal antiserums against these proteins were raised. Each antiserum reacted with both proteins only in morula cells on the blot after SDS-PAGE and stained the proper protein without crossreaction on the blot after AU-PAGE. The only type of cells stained with antibodies in circulating blood, in the tunic and on the tunic wound surface in paraffin sections of another species Boltenia echinata (Pyuridae, Stolidobranchiae) were morula cells. The morula-type specific antibodies obtained recognized major positively charged proteins which were apparently structural substrates for the phenoloxidase tanning.

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The Konso of southern Ethiopia are agricultural people, skilled at cultivating fieldson stone terraces. They also have excellent techniques of cotton weaving, metalwork, pottery and other handicrafts. This paper focuses on Konso pots in an attempt toclarify their meaning, not simply in their important everyday role as utensils for cook-ing, storage or alcohol-making, or as commercial items to be traded on the market, but as symbolic objects that demonstrate the structure of society.
The Konso place the pots on the roofs of their houses. There are several socialnorms concerning pots, and the rank of each family in Konso society is shown by thepresence or absence of a pot on the roof and by the type of pot. By understanding whatsort of norms govern the use of pots in Konso society, I was able to deduce four normswhich demonstrate the relation between the pot on the roof and their social structure.

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Immobilized metal ion affinity gel is a regenerable carrier used in separation technique on the basis of a reversible interaction between the gel and a specific transition metal ion as a ligand. An experimental investigation concerning the development of an immobilized metal ion affinity gel and the adsorption and desorption properties of metal ions was carried out by using a Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow gel and divalent transition metal ions of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺. In order to characterize and predict metal ion adsorption and desorption completely, one seeks the information about the adsorption isotherms and the necessary physical parameters for adsorption and desorption along with their mechanisms. In this experimental investigation it is considered that the two –CH₂COOH groups in the gel combine with metal ions stoichiometrically and the adsorption and desorption mechanisms of the metal ions onto and from the gel are theoretically analyzed on the basis of adsorption and desorption equilibriums and the dissociation equilibrium. Consequently, the model equations, which allow quantitative consideration of the adsorption and desorption mechanisms, can be derived as a function of the concentration of hydrogen ions at the outer aqueous phase. The values of adsorption effectiveness factor were calculated as 0.87 for Co²⁺ and 0.90 for Ni²⁺. Finally, the gel adsorption isotherm and the adsorption, desorption equilibriums of metal ions can be explained fairly well by these models.

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The polyphenol derivative 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL) is the primary antioxidative component of the medicinal folk mushroom

(Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat). In this study, we investigated whether the antioxidative effect of DBL could propagate to recipient cells via secreted components, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), after pre-exposing SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to DBL. First, we prepared EV-enriched fractions via sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation using conditioned medium from SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 100 µM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for 24 h, with and without 1 h of 5 µM DBL pre-treatment. CD63 immuno-dot blot analysis demonstrated that fractions with density of 1.06–1.09 g/cm³ had CD63-like immuno-reactivities. Furthermore, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay revealed that the radical scavenging activity of fraction 11 (density of 1.06 g/cm³), prepared after 24-h H₂O₂ treatment, was significantly increased compared to that in the control group (no H₂O₂ treatment). Notably, 1 h of 5 µM DBL pre-treatment or 5 min of heat treatment (100 °C) diminished this effect, although concentrating the fraction by 100 kDa ultrafiltration enhanced it. Overall, the effect was not specific to the recipient cell types. In addition, the uptake of fluorescent Paul Karl Horan-labeled EVs in concentrated fraction 11 was detected in all treatment groups, particularly in the H₂O₂-treated group. The results suggest that cell-to-cell communication via bioactive substances, such as EVs, in conditioned SH-SY5Y cell medium, propagates the H₂O₂-induced radical scavenging effect, whereas pre-conditioning with DBL inhibits it.

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Adsorption behaviors of the histidine-containing dipeptides, carnosine (Car) and anserine (Ans) were studied using copper (II) immobilized cation exchange resins. Commercial sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, iminodiacetic acid (IDA), and aminophosphoric acid resins were used for immobilizing copper (II) . Adsorptions of Car and Ans were especially enhanced using copper (II) immobilized IDA resin (Cu-IDA) . Car and Ans were adsorbed on Cu-IDA even in the presence of 100 mmol/dm³ of sodium chloride. Histidine and the histidine-containing dipeptides were selectively adsorbed on Cu-IDA over other amino acids. Immobilized metal affinity adsorption is available for separation of the dipeptides from saline water.

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An experimental investigation concerning the dissociation equilibrium in a gel was carried out by using Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow gel and buffer solutions. It was noted that the gel swelled or shrank somewhat to adsorb or release mobile ions and water, and the degree of change slightly depended on the pH of the solution. It was found that the relationship between the degree of dissociation of fixed two –CH₂COOH groups in gel and the concentration of hydrogen ions in the outer aqueous phase could be correlated by an equation based on the dissociation equilibrium. It was shown that the relationships for dissociation equilibrium based on theory were closely consistent with the experimental values. Finally the total concentration of the fixed two –CH₂COOH groups in gel was obtained as 2.68 × 10^–2 mol/kg-wet gel.

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The aim of this paper is to show the linguistically interesting tonal phenomena in Bantu languages which have been found by the author so far. In §1 difficulties of the phonemic analysis of tone often encountered in the research of Bantu languages are discussed. In §2 several tonal phenomena concerning nouns (especially, tone variations of nouns) are presented, and in §3 some phenomena concerning the tonal figures of verbs of a few languages are given. The languages dealt with in this paper include: Tonga, Nguni, Sambaa, Sotho-Tswana, Nande, Kikuyu, Kwanyama, Sukuma, Nkoya, Mongo, Herero, and (Machame).

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The Shona language belongs to the Bantu languages and is spoken in most parts of Zimbabwe. The Zezuru dialect is spoken in the area around Harare. The velarized consonant is said to be a consonant with an extreme raising of the back of the tongue. In this article, the articulation of the first consonant is called the first articulation; and the articulation accompanying the raising of the back of the tongue, the second articulation. In the Zezuru dialect, the velarized consonants are opposed to non-velarized ones, and they have a stop, an affricate, a fricative or an approximant as the first articulation. In this article, the velarized consonants with the first articulation of a stop or an affricate are dealt with. Some acoustic characteristics of velarized consonants are analyzed in contrast with non-velarized ones using a sound-spectrograph. In the analysis, characteristics of the first articulation are compared with those of non-velarized consonant articulation, and those of the second articulation with those of the non-velarized /k, g/. As a result, these velarized consonants are characterized by a low F2 and its rising transition, as shown in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996). Furthermore, it should be noted that the velarized consonants in this dialect have two closures like a consonant cluster, i.e., the closure of the first articulation and that of the second articulation in most types. However, when the first articulation is a velar stop, there is only one closure, like a double articulated consonant, e.g., /pk/. Finally, the manners and their acoustic characteristics are discussed from the viewpoint of perturbation theory proposed by Öhman (1967).

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食品廃棄物の抽出物からの回収を目的として，Cu(II)を担持させたセルロース系キレート吸着剤（Cu-CF）によるカルノシン等のヒスチジン含有ジペプチドの吸着について検討した．カルノシンは金属アフィニティーに基づいて効率的にCu-CFに吸着された．Cu(II)を担持させたセルロース吸着剤への（Cu-CF）カルノシンの吸着速度は，Cu(II)を担持させたポリスチレン系キレート吸着剤（Cu-PS）よりも大きかった．カルノシンの吸着率は中性から弱アルカリ性条件下で最大値を示し，吸着は共存する大過剰の塩化ナトリウムの影響を受けなかった．ヒスチジン含有ジペプチドは他のアミノ酸から選択的に吸着され，ウナギ魚腸骨の煮汁の組成に基づく模擬液からも選択的に吸着された．Cu(II)担持セルロース吸着剤に吸着されたカルノシンは酢酸などの脱離剤を含む水溶液と接触することで液中に脱着された．

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