大規模商業施設等の競争力強化手段としての地域商業地におけるBIDの活用可能性

－ドイツ・ハンブルク市での試みをもとにして－

抄録

 This study aims to clarify the feature of German Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) methods and applicability of BIDs to local shopping streets in Japan by researching German BIDs especially in Hamburg.
 German researchers and politicians have discussed many issues related to BIDs, for example, shifting of government responsibilities of public space, the difficulties of degeneration of poorly resourced commercial areas, capability of response to different needs of different commercial areas, inequality between land owners and tenants, and invasion of individual freedom of people who opposed the application of BIDs. Therefore it took long terms to adopt BIDs in Germany, and some state governments still continue debate about BIDs.
 Hamburg is the most positive attitude to introduction of BIDs in Germany. Hamburg government made a law related to BIDs in 2004, and each designated district must have the ordinance which defines the programs, budgets, prosecutors, time periods, and targeted real estate owners before it starts BIDs programs. The government also decided one term of BIDs is maximum five years, but BIDs can be designated repeatedly.
 There are two types of BIDs in Hamburg, i.e., the type of commercial and business districts of center of a city and the types of commercial districts of suburban areas. Most districts conduct various programs including reconstructing and improving public spaces, marketing, publications, events, establishment of management organizations. Most suburban BIDs are located near large shopping malls, and they aim at enhancement of competitive power and improvement of their qualities against the large shopping malls through their programs. The comprehensive and concentrative programs have effects on upgrade of the commercial areas. The limited duration is also an important point, because the effects of concentrative programs of BIDs are visible and more real estate owners become regard the BIDs as important method. In addition, the abilities of prosecutors and the cohesion of local owners are important. Two construction companies intensively undertake most districts of center of a city, meanwhile consultancy companies or local management organizations undertake district of suburban areas individually.
 Through the case study of Lueneburger strasse, we found the programs are conducted flexibly depending on the demand. They established local organization to promote BIDs programs and make a special effort to hold various events for publication at first periods, and then, they shifted emphasis to promote marketing, image enhancement, and build play spaces and improve pedestrian spaces. In this way, they try to raise the competitive power against the adjacent large shopping mall.
 In conclusion, shopping streets should develop their capability of making management strategy and tenant management, creating comfortable and safe environment, image enhancement and publication to create competitive power against large shopping malls. The local shopping streets in Japan could utilize BIDs, and especially the shopping streets which share senses of crisis against neighboring large malls will be able to utilize BIDs. However, before governments designate shopping streets as BIDs, we need to study the risks of real estate owners which are brought by BIDs, for example, lengthening of vacant store periods caused by tenant management, the conflicts of owner's interests, development of human resources and enhancement of management organization.