抄録
Heavy metal contamination in farmland soils poses a major challenge to agricultural sustainability because its environmental behavior, bioavailability, and ecological risks are governed by complex interactions among soil properties, crop uptake, and rhizosphere microbial processes. Consequently, remediation strategies have shifted from contaminant removal toward risk control and safe land utilization. Recent advances have substantially improved understanding of heavy metal migration, transformation, and risk regulation, while a wide range of remediation technologies, including chemical immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and engineering approaches, have been developed. However, individual technologies often suffer from limited long-term stability, economic feasibility, and field applicability. Increasing evidence indicates that integrated remediation combining multiple technologies with agronomic management practices, such as soil amendment, water and nutrient regulation, and the cultivation of low-accumulation crop cultivars, provides a more effective pathway for reducing contaminant bioavailability and ensuring sustainable agricultural production. Nevertheless, the absence of standardized performance evaluation systems, insufficient long-term field validation, and limited understanding of multi-contaminant interactions and dynamic environmental processes continue to impede large-scale implementation. This review synthesizes current knowledge of heavy metal sources, environmental behavior, and risk regulation in farmland soils, critically evaluates the mechanisms, applicability, and limitations of major remediation technologies, and elucidates the synergistic roles of integrated remediation and agronomic management. It further highlights emerging directions in functional materials, biotechnology, intelligent monitoring, and risk-based management, providing a unified conceptual framework for advancing precision remediation and the sustainable utilization of contaminated farmland.
