Prevalence, Characteristics, and Prognostic Associations of Cachexia Diagnosed Using Asian Working Group for Cachexia 2023 Criteria in Older Adults With Heart Failure

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Background: Few studies have examined the characteristics of heart failure (HF) patients with cachexia using the Asian Working Group for Cachexia (AWGC) 2023 criteria. This study assessed the characteristics and clinical impact of cachexia in older adults with HF.

Methods and Results: Results of laboratory measurements, echocardiography, physical function, depression, nutritional status, and the prevalence of cachexia, frailty, and sarcopenia were assessed in older adults (≥65 years) with HF in a stable condition just before discharge. After discharge, all participants were prospectively followed for adverse clinical events. Patients were classified based on the presence or absence of cachexia, and their frailty, sarcopenia, and clinical outcomes were compared. The prevalence of cachexia diagnosed by AWGC 2023 and Evans criteria was 24.7% and 12.9%, respectively. Among HF patients with cachexia, 71.6% had frailty and 86.7% had sarcopenia. Patients with cachexia had significantly poorer physical function and nutrition than those without. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified cachexia as an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular death.

Conclusions: Cachexia in older adults with HF is strongly associated with poor physical function, malnutrition, and adverse clinical outcomes. Early identification and management of cachexia may help improve the prognosis in this population.