Assessing the Impact of Flexi-Time Schedules on Morning Peak-Hour Congestion: A Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) Approach

抄録

Fixed-time work schedules have significantly increased peak-hour travel demand in the post-pandemic, highlighting the need for a cost-effective travel demand management (TDM) strategy. Therefore, this study examines the impact of time flexibility on travel demand by analysing departure time differences between fixed and flexi-time employees and identifying the key determinants influencing their departure choices.

Using the Cox proportional hazard model, this study analyses data from Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, collected between June 11 and July 21, 2023. The findings indicate that fixed-time employees are major contributors to peak-hour congestion, with a 50% shift to flexi-time can reduce congestion by 7.78%. Departure choices of fixed-time employees are significantly influenced by more factors than flexi-time employees. Managerial, technical, clerical, and administrative occupations are more adaptable to flexi-timing, whereas healthcare and manufacturing roles are less suited due to operational constraints. These insights can assist transport policymakers in developing more effective TDM strategies.