Abstract
Employees learn not only expertise on a given problem but also how to solve problems collectively and collaboratively together with others through practical activities. Such an organizational knowledge-creating process is defined as a nexus of self-referential communications under an interactive environment, and the norm of the selectivity of information for communication is the origin of creativity of an employee. The norm can be cultivated by systems methodologies while replacing the philosophy of tacit knowing by long-term memory. Two examples of systems methodologies in this paper are the soft systems methodology and the design thinking the characteristics of which can be explained by double loop learning.
