抄録
To sustain soil fertility, quality, health, and security from a field to regions, the input-output of nutrients and carbon need to be matched. However, the continuous cultivation following the conversion of natural vegetation to cropland inevitably results in soil degradation. Land use change from tropical forest/grassland to oil palm plantation leads to a loss of soil organic carbon and high flues of nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching. No-till practice can limit the mineralization of the native soil organic matter, compared to tillage practices, but both tillage and no-till practices result in loss of soil organic matter, compared to the native vegetation. Farmers can increase soil C storage by minimizing tillage intensity and supplying C inputs from other sources (e.g., manure), while farmers can reduce nitrous oxide emissions by improving water drainage and minimizing fertilizer application. Global regulation for carbon pricing and similar system for nitrous oxide could be incentives for farmers, but monitoring and modeling framework in individual fields needs to be developed along with local innovative skills to achieve “more carbon and less surplus nitrogen” in soil system.
https://ror.org/044bma518 
