Responses of lignicolous-agaric fruit-bodies to light and gravity: a study to overview the fruit-body development in hymenomycetes

Abstract

Our previous study revealed that, when exposed to light from below, fruit-bodies of humus-borne agarics grow straight downward both in the 'Coprinus Type' and 'Non-Coprinus Type' species and that, in the latter, gills tilt by gravitropism, caps swell and wave, and stipes twist. The present study revealed that fruit-bodies of some lignicolous agarics also grew straight downward. Among them, Flammulina velutipes and Hypsizygus marmoreus fruit bodies showed almost the same behaviour as the 'Non-Coprinus Type', but Pleurotus ostreatus (assumed Polyporus Type) fruit-bodies did not show the gill tilting and cap waving. Rather, it redifferentiated to produce new gills or new fruit bodies, possibly by gravimorphogenesis, or formed spiral stipes. Based on these results, graviresponses in hymenomycetes are overviewed.