FT Protein: a Universal Long-Distance Mobile Signal in Seed Plants ?

Kazuhisa Hiraoka; Yasufumi Daimon; Takashi Araki

doi:10.5685/plmorphol.19and20.3

種子植物における汎用的な長距離シグナルであるFT蛋白質

平岡和久, 大門靖史, 荒木崇

著者情報

ジャーナルフリー

2008 年 19and20 巻 1 号 p. 3-13

DOI https://doi.org/10.5685/plmorphol.19and20.3

詳細

発行日: 2008 年受付日: - J-STAGE公開日: 2010/06/28 受理日: - 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2010/06/28 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: キーワード情報訂正内容: Wrong : Keywords: FT protein, florigen, photoperiodism, flowering, tuberization, bud dormancy
Right : FT protein, florigen, photoperiodism, flowering, tuberization, bud dormancy

訂正日: 2010/06/28 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : E
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Right : Abe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, S., Daimon, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Ikeda, Y., Ichinoki, H., Notaguchi, M., Goto, K., and Araki, T. (2005)FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex. Science 309: 1052-1056.
Alexandre, C. M. and Hennig L. (2008)FLC or not FLC: the other side of vernalization. Journal of Experimental Botany published on April 4, 2008: 10. 1093/jxbiern070.
An, H., Roussot, C., Suárez-López, P., Corbesier, L., Vincent, C., Piñeiro, M., Hepworth, S., Mouradov, A., Justine, S., Turnbull, C., and Coupland, G. (2004)CONSTANS acts in the phloem to regulate a systemic signal that induce photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis. Development 131: 3615-3626.
Aoki, K., Suzui, N., Fujimaki, S., Dohmae, N., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Fujiwara, T., Hayashi, H., Yamaya, T., and Sakakibara, H. (2005)Destination-selective long-distance movement of phloem proteins. The Plant Cell 17: 1801-1814.
Ayre, B. G., and Turgeon, R. (2004)Graft transmission of a floral stimulant derived from CONSTANS. Plant Physiology 135: 2271-2278.
Bäckström, S., Elfving, N., Nilsson, R., Wingsle. G., and Björklund, S. (2007)Purification of a plant mediator from Arabidopsis thaliana identifies PFT1 as the Med25 subnuit. Molecular Cell 26: 717-729.
Ben-Naim, O., Eshed, R., Pamis, A., Teper-Bamnolker, T., Shalit, A., Coupland, G., Samach, A., and Lifschitz, E.(2006)The CCAAT binding factor can mediate interactions between CONSTANS-like proteins and DNA. The Plant Journal 46: 462-476.
Beveridge, C. A., and Murfet, I. C. (1996)The gigas mutant in pea is deficient in the floral stimulus. Physiologia plantarum 96: 637-645.
Böhlenius, H., Eriksson, S., Parchy, F., and Nisson, O.( 2007)Retraction. Science 316: 367.
Böhlenius, H., Huang, T., Charbonnel-Campaa, L., Brunner, A. M., Jansson, S., Strauss, S. H., and Nilsson, O. (2006)CO/FT regulatory module controls timing of flowering and seasonal growth cessation in trees. Science 312: 1040-1043.
Bradley, D., Ratcliffe, O. J., Vincent, C., Carpenter, R., and Coen„ E. S. (1997)Inflorescence commitment and architecture in Arabidopsis. Science 275: 80-83.
Carmel-Goren, L. Liu, Y., S., Lifschitz, E., and Zamir, D. (2003)The SELF-PRUNING gene family in tomato. Plant Molecular Biology 52: 1215-1222.
Carmona, M. J., Calonje, M., and Martinez-Zapater, J. M. (2007)The FT/TFL1 gene family in grapevine. Plant Molecular Biology 63: 637-650.
Cerdán, P. D., and Chory, J. (2003)Regulation of flowering time by light quality. Nature 423: 881-885.
Chardon, F., and Damerval, C. (2005)Phylogenomic analysis of the PEBP gene family in cereals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 61: 579-590.
Conti, L., and Bradley, D. (2007)TERMINAL FLOWER1 is a mobile signal controlling Arabidopsis architecture. The Plant Cell 19: 767-778.
Corbesier, L., Vincent, C., Jang, S., Fornara, F., Fan, Q., Searle, I., Giakountis, A., Farrona, S., Gissot, L., Turnbull, C., and Coupland, G. (2007)FT proteinmovement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of Arabidopsis. Science 316: 1030-1033.
Doi, K., Izawa, T., Fuse, T., Yamanouchi, U., Kubo, T., Shimatani, T., Yano, M., and Yoshimura, A. (2004)Ehd1, a B-type response regulator in rice, confers short-day promotion of flowering and controls FT-like gene expression independently of Hd1. Genes and Development 18: 926-936.
Endo, M., Nakamura, S., Araki, T., Mochizuki, N., and Nagatani, A. (2005)Phytochrome B in the mesophyll delays flowering by suppressing FLOWERING LOCUS T expression in Arabidopsis vascular bundles. The Plant Cell 17: 1941-1952.
Gyllenstrand, N., Clapham, D., Kallman, T., amd Lagercarntz, U. (2007)A Norway Spruce FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog is implicated in control of growth rhythm in conifers. Plant Physiology 144: 248-257.
Halliday, K. J., Salter, M. G., Thingnaes, E., and Whitelam, G. C. (2003)Phytochrome control of flowering is temperature sensitive and correlates with expression of the floral integrator FT. The Plant Journal 33: 578-885.
Hayama, R., Agashe, B., Luley, E., King, R., and Coupland, G. (2007)A Circadian rhythm set by dusk determines the expression of FT homologs and the short-day photoperiodic flowering response in Pharbitis. The Plant Cell 19: 2988-3000.
Hayama, R., Yokoi, S., Tamaki, S., Yano, M., and Shimamoto, K. (2003)Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice. Nature 422: 719-722.
Hecht, V., Foucher, F., Ferrandiz, C., Macknight, R., Navarro, C., Moirin, J., Vardy, M. E., Ellis, N., Beltran, J. P, Rameau, C., and Weller, J. L. (2005)Conservation of Arabidopsis flowering genes in model legumes. Plant Physiology 137: 1420-1434.
Hecht, V., Knowles, C. L., Vander Schoor, J. K., Liew, L. C., Jones, S. E., Lambert, M. J. M., and Weller, J. L . (2007)Pea LATE BLOOMER1is a GIGANTEA ortholog with roles in photoperiodic flowering, deetiolation, and transcriptional regulation of circadian clock gene homologs. Plant Physiology 144: 648-661.
Hemming, M. N., Peacock, W. J., Dennis, E. S., and Trevaskis, B. (2008)Low temperature and daylength cues are integrated to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in barley. Plant Physiology published on March21, 2008: 10.1104/pp. 108. 116418.
Huang, T., Böhlenius, H., Eriksson, S., Parchy, F ., and Nisson, O. (2005)The mRNA of the Arabidopsis gene FT moves from leaf to shoot apex and induces flowering. Science 309: 1694-1696.
Ishikawa, R., Tamaki, S., Yokoi, S., Inagaki, N ., Shinomura, T., Takano, M., Shimamoto, K. (2005)Suppression of the floral activator Hd3a is the principal cause of the night break effect in rice. The Plant Cell 17: 3326-3336.
Izawa, T., Oikawa, T., Sugiyama, N., Tanisaka , T., Yano, M., and Shimamoto, K. (2002)Phytochrome mediates the external light signal to repress FT orthologs in photoperiodic flowering of rice. Genes and Development 16: 2006-2020.
Jackson, D., Veit, B., and Hake, S. (1994)Expression of maize KNOTTED1 related homeobox genes in the shoot apical meristem predicts patterns of morphogenesis in the vegetative shoot. Development 120: 405-413.
J aeger, K. E., and Wigge, P. A. (2007)FT protein acts as a long-range signal in Arabidopsis. Current Biology 17: 1050-1054.
Jung, J.-H., Seo, Y.-H., Seo, P. J., Reyes, J. L., Yun, J., Chua, N.-H., and Park C.-M. (2007)The GIGANTEA-regulated microRNA172 mediates photoperiodic flowering independent of CONSTANS in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 19: 2736-2748.
Kardailsky, I., Shukla, V. K., Ahn, J. H., Dagenais , N., Christensen, S. K., Nguyen, J. T., Chory, J., Harrison, M. J., and Weigel, D. (1999)Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT. Science 286: 1962-1965.
Kim, S. L., Lee, S., Kim, H. J., Nam, H. G, and An, G .(2007)OsMADS51is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehdl, OsMADS14, and Hd3a. Plant Physiology 145: 1484-1494.
Kobayashi, Y., Kaya, H., Goto, K., Iwabuchi, M., and Araki, T. (1999)A pair of related genes with antagonistic roles in mediating flowering signals. Science 286: 1960-1962.
Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobayashi , Y., Monna, L., Sasaki T., Araki, T., and Yano M. (2002)Hd3a, a rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis FT gene, promotes transition to flowering downstream of Hdl under short-day conditions. Plant and Cell Physiology 43: 1096-1105.
Komiya R., Ikegami, A., Tamaki S., Yokoi , S., and Shimamoto K. (2008)Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice. Development 135: 767-774.
Kragler, F., Monzer, J., Xoconostle-Cazares , B., and Lucas, W. J. (2000)Peptide antagonists of the plasmodesmal macromolecular trafficking pathway. The EMBO Jounrnal 19: 2856-2868.
Lifschitz, E., Eviatar, T., Rozman A., Shalit, A., Goldshmidt, A., Amsellem, Z., Alvarez, J. P., and Eshed, Y. (2006)The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 6398-6403.
Lin, M. K., Belanger, H., Lee, Y. J., Varkonyi-Gasic , E., Taoka, K., Miura, E., Xoconostle-Cazares, B., Gendler, K., Jorgensen, R. A., Phinney, B., Lough, T. J., and Lucas, W. J.(2007)FLOWERING LOCUS T protein act as the long-distance florigenic signal in the Cucurbits. The Plant Cell 19: 1488-1506.
Liu, J., Yu, J., McIntosh, L., Kende, H., and Zeevaart, J. A.(2001)Isolation of a CONSTANS ortholog from Pharbitis nil and its role in flowering. Plant Physiology 125: 1821-1830.
Martinez-García, J. F., Virgós-Soler, A., and Prat, S.(2002)Control of photoperiod-regulated tuberization in potato by the Arabidopsis flowering-time gene CONSTANS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 15211-15216.
Mathieu, J., Warthmann, N., Kuttner, F., and Schmid M.(2007)Export of FT protein from phloem companion cells is sufficient for floral induction in Arabidopsis. Current Biology 17: 1055-1060.
Michaels, S. D., Himelblau E., Kim, S. Y., Schomburg , F. M., and Amasino, R. M. (2005)Integration of flowering signals in winter-annual Arabidopsis. Plant Physiolgy 137: 149-156.
Mizoguchi, T., Wright, L., Fujiwara, S., Cremer, F ., Lee, K., Onouchi, H., Mouradov, A., Fowler, S., Kannada, H., Putterill, J., and Coupland, G(2005)Distinct roles of GIGANTEA in promoting flowering and regulating circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 17: 2255-2270.
Rodriguez-Falcon, M., Bou, J., and Prat S.(2006)Seasonal control of tuberizaion in potato:conserved elements with the flowering response. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 151-180.
Rohde, A., and Bhalerao, R. P.(2007)Plant dormancy in the perennial context. Trends in Plant Science 12: 217-223.
Ruttink, T., Arend, M., Morreel, K., Storme, V., Rombauts, S., Fromm, J., Bhalerao, R. P., Boerjan, W., and Rohde, A. (2007)A molecular timetable for apical bud formation and dormancy induction in poplar. The Plant Cell 19: 2370-2390.
Searle, I., He, Y., Turck, F., Vincent, C., Fornara, F., Kröber, S., Amasino, R. A., and Coupland, G.(2006)The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis. Genes and. Development 20: 898-912.
Smith, L. G., Greene, B., Veit, B., and Hake, S. (1992)A dominant mutation in the maize homeobox gene, Knotted-1, causes its ectopic expression in leaf cells with altered fates. Development116:21-30.
Stadler, R., Wright, K. M., Lauterbach, C., Amon, G., Gahrtz, M., Feuerstein, A., Oparka, K. J., and Sauer, N.(2005)Expression of GFP-fusions in Arabidopsis companion cells reveals non-specific protein trafficking into sieve elements and identifies a novel post-phloem domain in roots. The Plant Journal 41: 319-331.
Sung, S., Schmitz, R. J., and Amasino, R. M. (2006)A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development 20: 3244-3248.
Takada, S., and Goto, K.(2003)TERMINAL FLOWER2, an Arabidopsis Homolog of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1, counteracts the activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T by CONSTANS in the vascular tissues of leaves to regulate flowering time. The Plant Cell 15: 2856-2865.
Tamaki, S., Matsuo S., Wong, H. L., Yokoi, S., and Shimamoto, K.(2007)Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice. Science 316: 1033-1036.
Trevaskis, B., Hemming, M. N., Peacock, W. J., and Dennis, E. S. (2006)HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRIV1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status. Plant Physiology 140: 1397-1405.
Trevaskis, B., Hemming, M. N., Dennis, E. S., and Peacock, W. J.(2007)The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals. Trends in Plant Science 12: 352-357.
Wigge, P. A., Kim, M. C., Jaeger, K. E., Busch, W., Schmid, M., Lohmann, J. U., and Weigel, D.(2005)Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis. Science 309: 1056-1059.
Wu, X., Dinneny, J. R., Crawford, K. M., Rhee, Y., Citovsky, V., Zambryski, P. C.(2003)Modes of intercellular transcription factor movement in the Arabidopsis apex. Development 130: 3735-3745.
Yamaguchi, A., Kobayashi, Y., Goto, K., Abe, M., and Araki, T.(2005)TWIN SISTER OF FT(TSF)acts as a floral pathway integrator redundantly with FT. Plant and Cell Physiology 46: 1175-1189.
Yan L., Fu, D., Li, C., Blechl, A., Tranquilli, G., Bonafede M., Sanchez, A., Valarik, M., Yasuda, S., and Dubcovsky J.(2006)The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 19581-19586.
Zeevaart, J. A. D.(2006)Florigen coming of age after 70 years. The Plant Cell 18: 1783-1789.

訂正日: 2010/06/28 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : Abe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, S., Daimon, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Ikeda, Y., Ichinoki, H., Notaguchi, M., Goto, K., and Araki, T. (2005)FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex. Science 309: 1052-1056.
Alexandre, C. M. and Hennig L. (2008)FLC or not FLC: the other side of vernalization. Journal of Experimental Botany published on April 4, 2008: 10. 1093/jxbiern070.
An, H., Roussot, C., Suárez-López, P., Corbesier, L., Vincent, C., Piñeiro, M., Hepworth, S., Mouradov, A., Justine, S., Turnbull, C., and Coupland, G. (2004)CONSTANS acts in the phloem to regulate a systemic signal that induce photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis. Development 131: 3615-3626.
Aoki, K., Suzui, N., Fujimaki, S., Dohmae, N., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Fujiwara, T., Hayashi, H., Yamaya, T., and Sakakibara, H. (2005)Destination-selective long-distance movement of phloem proteins. The Plant Cell 17: 1801-1814.
Ayre, B. G., and Turgeon, R. (2004)Graft transmission of a floral stimulant derived from CONSTANS. Plant Physiology 135: 2271-2278.
Bäckström, S., Elfving, N., Nilsson, R., Wingsle. G., and Björklund, S. (2007)Purification of a plant mediator from Arabidopsis thaliana identifies PFT1 as the Med25 subnuit. Molecular Cell 26: 717-729.
Ben-Naim, O., Eshed, R., Pamis, A., Teper-Bamnolker, T., Shalit, A., Coupland, G., Samach, A., and Lifschitz, E.(2006)The CCAAT binding factor can mediate interactions between CONSTANS-like proteins and DNA. The Plant Journal 46: 462-476.
Beveridge, C. A., and Murfet, I. C. (1996)The gigas mutant in pea is deficient in the floral stimulus. Physiologia plantarum 96: 637-645.
Böhlenius, H., Eriksson, S., Parchy, F., and Nisson, O.( 2007)Retraction. Science 316: 367.
Böhlenius, H., Huang, T., Charbonnel-Campaa, L., Brunner, A. M., Jansson, S., Strauss, S. H., and Nilsson, O. (2006)CO/FT regulatory module controls timing of flowering and seasonal growth cessation in trees. Science 312: 1040-1043.
Bradley, D., Ratcliffe, O. J., Vincent, C., Carpenter, R., and Coen„ E. S. (1997)Inflorescence commitment and architecture in Arabidopsis. Science 275: 80-83.
Carmel-Goren, L. Liu, Y., S., Lifschitz, E., and Zamir, D. (2003)The SELF-PRUNING gene family in tomato. Plant Molecular Biology 52: 1215-1222.
Carmona, M. J., Calonje, M., and Martinez-Zapater, J. M. (2007)The FT/TFL1 gene family in grapevine. Plant Molecular Biology 63: 637-650.
Cerdán, P. D., and Chory, J. (2003)Regulation of flowering time by light quality. Nature 423: 881-885.
Chardon, F., and Damerval, C. (2005)Phylogenomic analysis of the PEBP gene family in cereals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 61: 579-590.
Conti, L., and Bradley, D. (2007)TERMINAL FLOWER1 is a mobile signal controlling Arabidopsis architecture. The Plant Cell 19: 767-778.
Corbesier, L., Vincent, C., Jang, S., Fornara, F., Fan, Q., Searle, I., Giakountis, A., Farrona, S., Gissot, L., Turnbull, C., and Coupland, G. (2007)FT proteinmovement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of Arabidopsis. Science 316: 1030-1033.
Doi, K., Izawa, T., Fuse, T., Yamanouchi, U., Kubo, T., Shimatani, T., Yano, M., and Yoshimura, A. (2004)Ehd1, a B-type response regulator in rice, confers short-day promotion of flowering and controls FT-like gene expression independently of Hd1. Genes and Development 18: 926-936.
Endo, M., Nakamura, S., Araki, T., Mochizuki, N., and Nagatani, A. (2005)Phytochrome B in the mesophyll delays flowering by suppressing FLOWERING LOCUS T expression in Arabidopsis vascular bundles. The Plant Cell 17: 1941-1952.
Gyllenstrand, N., Clapham, D., Kallman, T., amd Lagercarntz, U. (2007)A Norway Spruce FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog is implicated in control of growth rhythm in conifers. Plant Physiology 144: 248-257.
Halliday, K. J., Salter, M. G., Thingnaes, E., and Whitelam, G. C. (2003)Phytochrome control of flowering is temperature sensitive and correlates with expression of the floral integrator FT. The Plant Journal 33: 578-885.
Hayama, R., Agashe, B., Luley, E., King, R., and Coupland, G. (2007)A Circadian rhythm set by dusk determines the expression of FT homologs and the short-day photoperiodic flowering response in Pharbitis. The Plant Cell 19: 2988-3000.
Hayama, R., Yokoi, S., Tamaki, S., Yano, M., and Shimamoto, K. (2003)Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice. Nature 422: 719-722.
Hecht, V., Foucher, F., Ferrandiz, C., Macknight, R., Navarro, C., Moirin, J., Vardy, M. E., Ellis, N., Beltran, J. P, Rameau, C., and Weller, J. L. (2005)Conservation of Arabidopsis flowering genes in model legumes. Plant Physiology 137: 1420-1434.
Hecht, V., Knowles, C. L., Vander Schoor, J. K., Liew, L. C., Jones, S. E., Lambert, M. J. M., and Weller, J. L . (2007)Pea LATE BLOOMER1is a GIGANTEA ortholog with roles in photoperiodic flowering, deetiolation, and transcriptional regulation of circadian clock gene homologs. Plant Physiology 144: 648-661.
Hemming, M. N., Peacock, W. J., Dennis, E. S., and Trevaskis, B. (2008)Low temperature and daylength cues are integrated to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in barley. Plant Physiology published on March21, 2008: 10.1104/pp. 108. 116418.
Huang, T., Böhlenius, H., Eriksson, S., Parchy, F ., and Nisson, O. (2005)The mRNA of the Arabidopsis gene FT moves from leaf to shoot apex and induces flowering. Science 309: 1694-1696.
Ishikawa, R., Tamaki, S., Yokoi, S., Inagaki, N ., Shinomura, T., Takano, M., Shimamoto, K. (2005)Suppression of the floral activator Hd3a is the principal cause of the night break effect in rice. The Plant Cell 17: 3326-3336.
Izawa, T., Oikawa, T., Sugiyama, N., Tanisaka , T., Yano, M., and Shimamoto, K. (2002)Phytochrome mediates the external light signal to repress FT orthologs in photoperiodic flowering of rice. Genes and Development 16: 2006-2020.
Jackson, D., Veit, B., and Hake, S. (1994)Expression of maize KNOTTED1 related homeobox genes in the shoot apical meristem predicts patterns of morphogenesis in the vegetative shoot. Development 120: 405-413.
J aeger, K. E., and Wigge, P. A. (2007)FT protein acts as a long-range signal in Arabidopsis. Current Biology 17: 1050-1054.
Jung, J.-H., Seo, Y.-H., Seo, P. J., Reyes, J. L., Yun, J., Chua, N.-H., and Park C.-M. (2007)The GIGANTEA-regulated microRNA172 mediates photoperiodic flowering independent of CONSTANS in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 19: 2736-2748.
Kardailsky, I., Shukla, V. K., Ahn, J. H., Dagenais , N., Christensen, S. K., Nguyen, J. T., Chory, J., Harrison, M. J., and Weigel, D. (1999)Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT. Science 286: 1962-1965.
Kim, S. L., Lee, S., Kim, H. J., Nam, H. G, and An, G .(2007)OsMADS51is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehdl, OsMADS14, and Hd3a. Plant Physiology 145: 1484-1494.
Kobayashi, Y., Kaya, H., Goto, K., Iwabuchi, M., and Araki, T. (1999)A pair of related genes with antagonistic roles in mediating flowering signals. Science 286: 1960-1962.
Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobayashi , Y., Monna, L., Sasaki T., Araki, T., and Yano M. (2002)Hd3a, a rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis FT gene, promotes transition to flowering downstream of Hdl under short-day conditions. Plant and Cell Physiology 43: 1096-1105.
Komiya R., Ikegami, A., Tamaki S., Yokoi , S., and Shimamoto K. (2008)Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice. Development 135: 767-774.
Kragler, F., Monzer, J., Xoconostle-Cazares , B., and Lucas, W. J. (2000)Peptide antagonists of the plasmodesmal macromolecular trafficking pathway. The EMBO Jounrnal 19: 2856-2868.
Lifschitz, E., Eviatar, T., Rozman A., Shalit, A., Goldshmidt, A., Amsellem, Z., Alvarez, J. P., and Eshed, Y. (2006)The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 6398-6403.
Lin, M. K., Belanger, H., Lee, Y. J., Varkonyi-Gasic , E., Taoka, K., Miura, E., Xoconostle-Cazares, B., Gendler, K., Jorgensen, R. A., Phinney, B., Lough, T. J., and Lucas, W. J.(2007)FLOWERING LOCUS T protein act as the long-distance florigenic signal in the Cucurbits. The Plant Cell 19: 1488-1506.
Liu, J., Yu, J., McIntosh, L., Kende, H., and Zeevaart, J. A.(2001)Isolation of a CONSTANS ortholog from Pharbitis nil and its role in flowering. Plant Physiology 125: 1821-1830.
Martinez-García, J. F., Virgós-Soler, A., and Prat, S.(2002)Control of photoperiod-regulated tuberization in potato by the Arabidopsis flowering-time gene CONSTANS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 15211-15216.
Mathieu, J., Warthmann, N., Kuttner, F., and Schmid M.(2007)Export of FT protein from phloem companion cells is sufficient for floral induction in Arabidopsis. Current Biology 17: 1055-1060.
Michaels, S. D., Himelblau E., Kim, S. Y., Schomburg , F. M., and Amasino, R. M. (2005)Integration of flowering signals in winter-annual Arabidopsis. Plant Physiolgy 137: 149-156.
Mizoguchi, T., Wright, L., Fujiwara, S., Cremer, F ., Lee, K., Onouchi, H., Mouradov, A., Fowler, S., Kannada, H., Putterill, J., and Coupland, G(2005)Distinct roles of GIGANTEA in promoting flowering and regulating circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 17: 2255-2270.
Rodriguez-Falcon, M., Bou, J., and Prat S.(2006)Seasonal control of tuberizaion in potato:conserved elements with the flowering response. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 151-180.
Rohde, A., and Bhalerao, R. P.(2007)Plant dormancy in the perennial context. Trends in Plant Science 12: 217-223.
Ruttink, T., Arend, M., Morreel, K., Storme, V., Rombauts, S., Fromm, J., Bhalerao, R. P., Boerjan, W., and Rohde, A. (2007)A molecular timetable for apical bud formation and dormancy induction in poplar. The Plant Cell 19: 2370-2390.
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Sung, S., Schmitz, R. J., and Amasino, R. M. (2006)A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development 20: 3244-3248.
Takada, S., and Goto, K.(2003)TERMINAL FLOWER2, an Arabidopsis Homolog of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1, counteracts the activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T by CONSTANS in the vascular tissues of leaves to regulate flowering time. The Plant Cell 15: 2856-2865.
Tamaki, S., Matsuo S., Wong, H. L., Yokoi, S., and Shimamoto, K.(2007)Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice. Science 316: 1033-1036.
Trevaskis, B., Hemming, M. N., Peacock, W. J., and Dennis, E. S. (2006)HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRIV1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status. Plant Physiology 140: 1397-1405.
Trevaskis, B., Hemming, M. N., Dennis, E. S., and Peacock, W. J.(2007)The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals. Trends in Plant Science 12: 352-357.
Wigge, P. A., Kim, M. C., Jaeger, K. E., Busch, W., Schmid, M., Lohmann, J. U., and Weigel, D.(2005)Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis. Science 309: 1056-1059.
Wu, X., Dinneny, J. R., Crawford, K. M., Rhee, Y., Citovsky, V., Zambryski, P. C.(2003)Modes of intercellular transcription factor movement in the Arabidopsis apex. Development 130: 3735-3745.
Yamaguchi, A., Kobayashi, Y., Goto, K., Abe, M., and Araki, T.(2005)TWIN SISTER OF FT(TSF)acts as a floral pathway integrator redundantly with FT. Plant and Cell Physiology 46: 1175-1189.
Yan L., Fu, D., Li, C., Blechl, A., Tranquilli, G., Bonafede M., Sanchez, A., Valarik, M., Yasuda, S., and Dubcovsky J.(2006)The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 19581-19586.
Zeevaart, J. A. D.(2006)Florigen coming of age after 70 years. The Plant Cell 18: 1783-1789.

抄録

命名から70年たってようやく,フロリゲンの実体がFT蛋白質であることが明らかになった.20kDaのFT蛋白質は,適切な外的要因(日長,光質,温度など)および内的要因(齢,大きさなど)による制御を受けて,葉の維管束の篩部伴細胞で発現し,篩管を通って茎頂へと輸送され,FDのような転写因子とともに花芽形成を開始させる.FT蛋白質は種子植物においては保存されており,その発現制御には,広く保存されていることが予想される「CO/FT制御モジュール」や,分類群ごとに独自に獲得された制御経路が関わる.近年,日長や温度による生活環の調節において,FT蛋白質が,ジャガイモの塊茎形成や木本植物の芽の休眠誘導と解除といった,花成以外の事象の調節にも関与していることが明らかになってきた.このことは,FT蛋白質が茎頂分裂組織の活性を調節するための汎用的な長距離シグナルである可能性を示唆する.

責任著者(Corresponding author)

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