We reported on four aphasics who showed anosodiaphoria foward aphasia and unwillingness to attend speech therapy. Several factors, such as multiple lesions, severe frontal sign, continuous disturbance of consciousness etc., have generally been thought to be causes of anosognosia. Here we selected anosodiaphoric patients who were not affected by any of these factors, in order to exclude such influences in the study.
    The spontaneous speech of the four cases demonstrated identical characteristics I fluency and effortlessness (although the number of words was not large). Recovery of language was comparatively good except writing ability, which remained severely impaired.
    Two cases clearly denied language disturbance in the early stage. Later, all four cases admitted their disabilities only when they were pointed out in specific terms. None of the cases were embarrassed by their disabilities, however. Nor did they complain of any kind of discommunication spontaneously during the course of the study. Three cases showed emotional change (flat unconcern and euphoria) and two cases having right hemiparesis displayed right-sided neglect at the first stage.
    The lesions of the four cases were all in the left subcortical area. Alexander et al., etc. have also pointed out the existence of emotional disorder, right-sided neglect and reduction of motivation in left subcortical damaged aphasics. As a result of this study we concluded that anosodiaphoria foward aphasia, along with the other characteristics, resulted from attentional disorder which originated from damage of the left subcortical structure. We also assumed that fluent speech had some influence on the occurrence of anosodiaphoria foward aphasia.

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     A case of transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) was reported, which was observed after the operational removal of intracerebral hematoma in the left frontal region. A small lesion in the left temporal pole was also identified during the surgical operation. The clinical type of aphasia was diagnosed as TSA manifesting fluent verbal output with the propensity for empty phrases, verbal paraphasia, echolalia, palilalia and perseveration. The clinical implication of the compulsive reading phenomenon (=optic echolalia) observed in this case and the relationship between TSA and its lesion were discussed.

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     Seventy aphasic patients with left unilateral hemisphere damage and 20 controls (10 right hemisphere-damaged patients and 10 normals) were given two sets of tasks : one intended to compare auditory comprehension and word finding of animal and object names with those of the corresponding onomatopoeias ;the other intended to test abilities to identify sources of environmental sounds and produce their names and onomatopoeias after listening to them.
    It was found that there was a significantly high correlation between the performances of onomatopoeias and tkosc of names in word finding as well as in auditory comprehension. There was no significant difference among aphasic types in auditory comprehension, while in the word-finding tasks onomatopoeias, compared with names, Were significantly more impaired in fluent than non-fluent aphasics.
    Some aphasics faijed in the sund recognition test, where the impairment was significantly correlated with the severity of the auditory comprehension defect in the entire aphasic sample.
    Onomatopoeias were more difficult than names to produce in spite of the fact that their phonological representations are more directly related to their meanings. Conceivable factors include : 1) Onomatopoeias are also part of language, which is a social symbolic system, and must be processed through the phonological route in common with general names ; 2) Word frequency may have certain effect ; 3) Sound-object semantic association may be impaired in aphasics.

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