I investigated various reference documents and materials from before modern times with regard to logging and lumbering technology and tools，and would like to summarize the results of my investigation as follows: (1) Stone axes were used as the major tools for logging about 2，000 years ago when iron axes (yoki) began to replace these tools， Saws were also used from around the late 16th century， (2) Axes with wide blades (tatsuki) seem to have been used continuously until modern times as tools for chamfering raw lumber to produce roughly chamfered square lumber. (3) Axes and wedges were used as tools to split large pieces of raw lumber into various sizes until around the 14th century. The use of two–man ripping saws (oga) apparently spread from around the 15th century， and that one–man broad–blade ripping saws (maehiki) came into use around the late 16th century. (4) Chisels and wedges were used as tools to split small pieces of raw lumber into various sizes until around the1 4th century. Then one–man narrow-blade ripping saws (kagari)were apparently used from around the 15th century. (5) As far as logging and lumbering artisans are concerned，some kotakumi(carpenters) became somahito (mountain woodcutters)，around the 5th century. Also around the 15th century，some somahito became ogahiki，or lumbermen using oga，and some kotakumi became kohiki，or lumbermen using kagari. Around the late 16th century. Some ogahiki became kohiki. or lumbermen using maehiki.

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Sumitsubo, which are used as line–marking tools, consist of a part for winding strings and an inkpot for applying ink to the strings. These tools are peculiar to East Asia, and are used in China. the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. I primarily investigated documents on and pictures of Chinese and Japanese sumitsubo as historical reference materials, and conducted a comparison study with the actual shapes of modern sumitsubo. According to written reference materials, line#8211;marking tools appeared in China from the fifth to third centuries B.C. These materials do not clearly indicate that line#8211;marking tools took the shape of sumitsubo, however. The kanji for sumitsubo first appeared in the Tang period. The kanji for suminawa, which apparently were made only of rope, also appeared before those for sumitsubo in Japan, with the kanji for sumitsubo first appearing in the Heian period. In Japan. sumitsubo originating in the eighth century has been unearthed. Its shape is of the shiriware type and its reel supported by shiriware. The shiriware type was apparently used until the middle of the Edo Period. Thereafter, however. the shapes of sumitsubo began to diversify. In China, no sumitsubo predating the Yuan dynasty have been discovered，but its shape (as in Japan) apparently began to diversify in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The shiriware type of sumitsubo has been unearthed in Tali, an inland area of China.

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