I introduce a set of hypotheses that might explain the emergence of language and affect in humans. Humans are unique among animals in that they can accumulate culture and invent novel adaptive niches. Based on the pre-adaptation theory of language evolution, I explain how language might came about from emotional vocalizations. Because language can express anything that are not necessarily grounded to reality, we need signals that are grounded. I suggest that facial and vocal expressions acted as honest signals that supported evolution of language. In conclusion, I make a point that when language loses backup of honest signals, human communication system could face to the danger of collapsing. This could be caused by advances of electric communication devises.

  In the field of higher brain functional disorders, much new knowledge has been developed through ongoing scientific research. While recognizing such new developments, more study is yet needed in the field of brain functions and neuropsychology, and clinical research should be continued scientifically. The main purpose of research should be to attempt to resolve problems experienced by people with brain functional disorders.
  To understand brain disorders and understand the people with such disorders are both very important. In addition, mutual understanding between the different professional groups and also between different age groups undertaking research activities is very important. Most vital is to build good personal relationships with other researchers. A good personal relationship fosters mutual understanding, and it is based on such mutual understanding that good clinical activities and clinical research are normally based.

  Social behavior disorders are common sequelae of acquired brain injury. Currently, various treatment methods are used to manage these disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate which meth ods are preferred by clinicians in medical institutions in Japan to treat social behavior disorders following acquired brain injury. Questionnaires were sent to 800 medical institutions with a department of rehabilitation. The response rate was 32.8 %, and the majority of respondents were occupational therapists. The common treatment methods were classified into three categories based on their treatment goal：Identifying triggers of challenging behaviors, creating environments in which challenging behaviors are reduced, and stabilizing the mental state of the patient. A few respondents used the treatment methods of following two categories：Improving self-awareness on oneʼs social behaviors and promoting the learning of appropriate social behaviors. Therapists in the medical institutions that provide both medical and vocational rehabilitation services generally showed higher response rates for each method of the questioned treatments than therapists in medical institutions that provide only medical rehabilitation. The most striking difference between respondents from these two types of institutions was in their use of group interventions.