The following visual, somatosensory, and multimodal sensory deficits were explained with examples. With regards to vision, I described about Zeitrafferphänomen after right occipitoparietal infarction, pelopsia after left parietal hemorrhage, visual illusions in Parkinsonʼs disease, and impaired perception of illusory contours in patients with Parkinsonʼs disease. With regards to somatic sensation, I described about bilaterally reduced perception of noxious stimulation after unilateral insular lesion, medullary infarction presenting with isolated thermoanaesthesia, dystonia-like movement disorders ameliorated by shearforce and pressure stimulation, conscious hemiasomatognosia with no somatosensory disturbance other than a unique problem in tactile localization, and supernumerary phantom limb and suspected posterior alien hand syndrome after pontine hemorrhage. With regards to multimodal sensation, I described about trimodal hallucination after thalamomesencephalic infarction.

  Nuclear medicine examinations are mainly classified into functional imaging and molecular imaging. Functional imaging includes cerebral perfusion scintigraphy, dopamine transporter imaging, and iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy, while molecular imaging includes amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and tau PET. In this report, focusing on functional imaging studies, we will explain how far the backstage (background pathology) of neurodegenerative diseases can be exposed by nuclear medicine examinations. First, regarding Alzheimerʼs disease (AD) , the usefulness of nuclear medicine examinations in atypical AD and suspected non-Alzheimerʼs disease pathophysiology, which presents with symptoms similar to AD, will be discussed. Next, for frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which has a more diverse backstage (background pathology) , how far backstage can be exposed using dopamine transporter imaging will be elucidated.

  Visuospatial neglect has been traditionally regarded as a disturbance of spatial recognition due to parietal damage. It is now reconsidered as a disturbance of the visuospatial attention network. Visuospatial ttention can be divided into (1) endogenous attention, which intentionally pays attention to an object, and (2) exogenous attention, in response to external stimuli. The former stream involves dorsal attention network and the latter involves ventral attention network. We here describe general clinical tests and behavioral evaluations for neglect symptom and summarize a significance and limitation conventional evaluation methods. And then, we introduce our developed evaluation method with a consideration of the unction of visuospatial attention network. Finally, we would suggest pathological structure of neglect ehaviour as a result of retrospective analysis based on our clinical data.

  We reported a case of transition from deep dysphasia to phonological dysphasia. A woman in her early 70s suffered cerebral infarction after a craniotomy for left trigeminal schwannoma and presented with characteristic problems of verbal repetition. That is, shortly after onset, semantic paraphasia was exhibited at repetition, but at 20 months after onset, a semantic paraphasia had disappeared and the patient showed formal paraphasia and phonological errors when repeating low-image words. At both time points, lexicality effect and imageability effect in the repetition were recognized in common, so this case was considered to present with transition from deep dysphasia to phonological dysphasia. Her symptoms also suggested that the transition from deep dysphasia to phonological dysphasia was due to the degree of impairment in both phonological input/output (acoustic to phonological conversion, auditory input lexicon, phonological assembly) and word meaning comprehension.

  We investigated the current situation of melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in Japan. We sent the questionnaire to 3,136 institutes which were listed in the home page of Japanese Association of Speech-Language-Hearing Therapists on the 1st of May, 2021. The deadline of the reply was set 30th June, 2021. Except nine nonarrival mails by the unknown destinations, 3,127 mails were effectively delivered. We got the responses from 1,186 institutes (response rate : 37.9%) . Eighty-one percent of respondents had known the word of “MIT”, and, among them, eighty-five percent persons (800 speech therapists, STs) realized that the MIT is effective to the speech impairment of motor aphasia. But, only nine percent of them (90 STs) carried out the MIT in the clinical situations, and fifty-one percent (43 STs) did it based on the description of literatures. The utilization rate of the Japanese version of MIT (MIT-J) was 35% (29 STs) . Thirty-nine percent (458 STs) of total respondents wished to attend the practical lecture of MIT-J. Based on these findings, we can conclude as follows : first, most of the STs in Japan know the effectiveness of the MIT, but there are only a few institutes which carried out actually in the clinical situation. The reason of this dissociation was supposed to be caused by the difficulty of literal description about the key points of MIT performance. Second, more than a half such institutes perform the MIT depending on their understandings from the literatures, namely on their own methods. And third, we could ascertain that there is a certain number of STs which wished to attend the lecture of the MIT-J. In order to resolve these problems, we are going to establish a general incorporated association and the system of the lecture and the qualification of the MIT-J.