Chrysanthemum zawadskii showed 2n=54 (hexaploid chromosme number) and extensive variation in the color of the ligules (from white to pinkish). FISH yellow colored signals of the 5S, 45S rDNA and telomeres were obtained after hybridized of the biotin labeled of the 5S rDNA, pTa71 and telomeric sequence repeats probes to somatic chromosomes. They showed 5-6 interstitial and two terminal signals at the 5S rDNA region, 10-14 terminal and 4-5 interstitial signals at the 45S rDNA region and the telomeric signals at the region of telomeric sequence repeats on both chromosome arms in the chromosome complement. Bicolor FISH showed that co-localization of the 5S and 45S rDNA on two terminal and five interstitial loci. This phenomenon might indicate a natural hybridization with closely related genera and/or genome rearrangement.

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Chrysanthemum japonicum (2n=18; ?? ) and Nipponanthemum nipponicum (2n=18; ?? ) were artificially crossed and produced healthy F₁ hybrid plants by aids of the series of embryo rescue, axenic culture and acclimatization. FISH biotinlabeled probes of 5S rDNA and pTa71 for 45S rDNA distinguished 5S rDNA and NOR regions of the chromosomes in the genome of respective species in the chromosome complement of the F₁ hybrid. One 5S rDNA-signal and two 45S rDNA-signals were shown in the nine chromosomes of C. japonicum genome in the F₁ hybrid chromosome complement (2n=18), while no 5S rDNA-signal and one 45S rDNA-signal was shown in the nine chromosomes of N. nipponicum genome. GISH differentiated the genome of C. japonicum and that of N. nipponicum in the F₁ hybrid chromosome complement using the probe of total genomic DNA of N. nipponicum and showed that the parental genomes in the chromosome complement of the hybrid were generally in separate domains during mitosis.

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The karyotypes of seven species of Chrysanthemum sensu lato collected in Russia were documented for the first time: Chrysanthemum maximowiczii V. Komarov, 2n=54=36m+16sm+2st; C. sinuatum Ledeb., 2n=18=14m+2sm+2st; C. zawadskii Hebrich, 2n=54=34m+16sm+4st; Tanacetum achilleifolium (M. Bieb.) Schuttz-Bip., 2n=18=14m+4sm; T. boreale Fisch. ex DC., 2n=18=16m+2sm; T. kittaryanum (C. A. Mey.) Tzvel., 2n=36=26m+10sm; T. uralense (H. Kraschen.) Tzvel., 2n=18=13m+5sm. This result supported the assumption that C. sinuatum could hybridize naturally with Brachanthemum krylovii (2n=18, diploid) to produce the hybrid as Brachanthemum baranovii (Krasch. et Poljak) Krasch. The karyotypes of T. vulgare and T. boreale were different from each other. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiment using 45S rDNA probe pTa71 was applied to nine species of Chrysanthemum sensu lato. The numbers of 45S rDNA signals in C. crassum, C. ornatum, C. sinuatum, C. zawadskii, T. kittaryanum and T. uralense were reported here for the first time. Fourteen 45S rDNA signals were found in C. crassum (2n=90, decaploid), C. zawadskii (2n=54, hexaploid) and T. uralense (2n=18, diploid). Twelve signals were found in C. ornatum (2n=54, hexaploid). Ten signals were found in T. kittaryanum (2n=36, tetraploid). Eight signals were observed in T. parthenium. Six signals were observed in C. sinuatum (2n=18, diploid) and T. vulgare (2n=18, diploid). The number of hybridization signals obtained for T. vulgare verified Honda et al. (1997). Frequency of signal number/chromosome complement was calculated. Tanacetum uralense show the highest frequency of 77.7%, T. vulgare and C. sinuatum showed the frequency of 33.3%, T. kittaryanum showed the frequency of 27.8%, D. zawadskii showed the frequency of 25.9%, T. parthenium and C. ornatum showed the frequency of 22.2%, and C. crassum showed the frequency of 15.5%.

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Forty plants of Parnassia palustris var. multiseta collected in nine localities in Russia were studied in chromosome botany. They showed differentiation of the somatic chromosome numbers of 2n=18, 27 and 36, that could be diploid, triploid and tetraploid, respectively, of which the chromosome number of 2n=27 was reported here for the first time. The plants of 2n=18 and 36 chromosomes had commonly high pollen stainability and showed significantly different pollen grains in size from each other.

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Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction direct sequence methods, 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci on somatic chromosomes were detected and partial sequence of 45S rDNA was determined in Aldrovanda vesiculosa, respectively. Analysis of FISH showed tree to five 45S rDNA signals in interphase nuclei, and four signals at metephase stage. All FISH signals at metaphase stage were located at the terminal region of four chromosomes. Among six populations, completely homologue sequence result was supplied from Clustal W analysis. After determining sequences of 5.8S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in 45S rDNA of six populations, a comparative study with these sequences was carried out to infer genetic diversity in A. vesiculosa.

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Genetic diversity among 88 accessions of Pinanga javana were revealed in six natural populations in Mt. Sawal, Ciamis (JW327); Mt. Ciremai, Kuningan (JW329); Mt. Slamet, Purwokerto (JW331); Mt. Salak, Bogor (JW334); Mt. Pangrango, Bogor (JW337); and Mt. Halimun, Bogor (JW339), all in very restricted area only in lower montane forest from 800-1700 m elevation in Java, Indonesia by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Natural populations of the species have been decreased dramatically because of habitat conversion and over-exploitation. Ten of 40 primers were reproducible among the 88 accessions of P. javana and plotted total 100 bands, of which 51 were polymorphic. The genetic similarity according to Jaccard's coefficients among accessions ranged from 0.747 to 1.000 and the mean genetic similarity among populations ranged from 0.811 to 0.922. The UPGMA analysis showed two clusters: “A” of JW334, JW339, JW337, JW329 and JW327; and “B” of JW331. The cluster “A” was subdivided into two subclusters; one of JW334, JW339, JW337 and JW329 and the other one of JW327. These results provided intra- and inter-populational genetic diversity of P. javana. The present observation suggested that both in situ and ex situ conservations were necessary for the genetic diversity of P. javana, especially the populations in Mt. Slamet and Mt. Salak because of their narrow genetic diversity. Moreover, the species was susceptible for habitat conversion, would never grow in any disturbed forest and has become rare in the nature.

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