Three species of Chrysosplenium in Heilongjiang Province, the People's Republic of China were karyomorphologically observed. The chromosome number of 2n=12 for C. ramosum and that of 2n=24 for C. sinicum and C. pseudofauriei var. pseudofauriei were observed and verified the previous reports. The chromosome numbers of C. ramosum and C. pseudofauriei var. pseudofauriei grown and collected in China were observed here for the first time. Chromosome characters of three species for chromosome sizes, chromosome length from the largest to the smallest chromosome in alignment and centromeric positions of chromosome complement were similar to the previous reports; small sizes, bi-modal decrease in chromosome length and consisted of median-, submedian- and subterminal-centromeric chromosomes for C. ramosum, and small sizes, mono-modal decrease in chromosome length and consisted in median- and submedian- centromeric chromosome for C. sinicum and C. pseudofauriei var. pseudofauriei.

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To make research cytogenetic properties of commonly distributed species in East Eurasian Flora related to Flora of Japan, the chromosome numbers and karyotypes in two species and one subspecies of Achillea in Japan and Russia were investigated by orcein and fluorescent sequential staining of GC-specific chromomycin A₃ (CMA) and AT-specific 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding methods. Achillea alpina subsp. subcartilaginea, A. asiatica and A. millefolium showed the tetraploidal and hexaploidal chromosome numbers of 2n=36, 56 and 36, respectively. Unexpected odd satellite chromosome (sat-chromosome) numbers were shown in the tetraploid species of A. alpina subsp. subcartilaginea and A. millefolium. In contrast, six sat-chromosomes were observed in the hexaploid A. asiatica. Additionally, median-centromeric chromosome did not have any satellite. All sat-chromosomes of the both tetraploid species were submedian-centromeric chromosomes, while all sat-chromosomes of the hexaploid species were subterminal-centromeric chromosomes. The satellites were well characterized as CMA-positive and DAPI negative sites.

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Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among 54 species of Salvia L. One long fragment of around 10 kilo base pair (kb) of cpDNA from Salvia was amplified using a universal pair of primers and Long Accurate-PCR (LA-PCR) protocol, then the amplified products were digested with each of six restriction enzymes; EcoRI, HindIII, PvuII, NdeI, SmaI on MfeI. Four restriction enzymes; EcoRI, HindIII, PvuII, and MfeI produced more polymorphic patterns than NdeI or SmaI. Polymorphic fragments were visually detected, documented and used to build a genetic similarity data matrix based on Nei and Li (1979) method. The genetic similarity matrix and PHYLIP software package (Felsenstein 2005) were the bases to construct a phylogenetic tree. The resulted tree divided Salvia species under study into distinct groups based on origin. Salvia roemeriana showed amplified fragment length difference (AFLD) and can be identified using any of the six enzymes. Ocimum species were distinguishable when LA-PCR products were digested with MfeI. PCR-RFLP was tried in this study due to less labor-intensive, low cost and adequate value in primary phylogenetic studies.

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