Abilities of the polymorphic DNA markers amplified by RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) were studied, detected and systematized breeding lines and expanding molecular variabilities and molecular phylogenetic lines of the cultivarietal ‘Marguerites’ of the Argyranthemum lineage and especially the intergeneric hybrids of ‘Marguerite’ X Glebionis carinata Tzvelev or G. coronaria (L.) Spach. The reproducible polymorphic bands were generated by RAPD-PCR using RAPD primer OPC-04, in respective species of Glebionis and the intergeneric hybrids of the ‘Marguerites.’ The primer OPC-04 made it possible to identify either two intergeneric hybrids of ‘Marguerite’ X G. carinata or ‘Marguerite’ X G. coronaria. The polymorphic bands were amplified by ISSR-PCR in the breeding lines and the cultivars of the ‘Marguerite,’ while they were not amplified by RAPD. A specific band was confirmed by ISSR-5 primer in the ‘Marguerite’ cultivar strain of ‘Zairai Shiro.’ This primer ISSR-5 detected and identified certain specific band among the band pattern of ‘Southern Elegance White,’ this cultivar has cv. ‘Early White’ as the paternal parent. Similar polymorphic band pattern was confirmed by ISSR-PCR, in the breeding lines and the cultivars of the ‘Marguerite’ which have similarity in flower color, flowering type and share the hybrid parents.

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The members of the tribe Anthemideae, the Asteraceae distributed all over the world, could have a large synteny with common genes and the polyploid series with the basic chromosome number of X=9 (Kondo et al., 2010). The present study was made by artificial crosses among the intra- and interspecific combinations which may perform certain amplification of genic diversities of Chrysanthemum cultivars with aid of the artificial ovule culture. The artificial hybrid-plants obtained during the course of the present investigation were analyzed genomic sequences and become bridges or entrances of gene transfer to other species as an important genetic resource. The present study reported such four hybrid combinations as: (1) C. morifolium Ramat. cv. ‘Enmeiraku Pink Form’, 2n=54, hexaploid X C. zawadskii Herbich. (ID No. sp3 2004 04-KR-004-12), 2n=54. (2) C. nematolobum Hand.-Mazz., 2n=18, diploid X C. indicum L., 2n=39, (3) C. yezoense T. Mack., 2n=90, decaploid X C. zawadskii Herbich. ID No. sp3 2004 04-KR-004-12, 2n=54. (4) C. zawadskii Herbich. ID No. 07C-9-7-4, 2n=36 X C. maximowiczii Tzvelev., 2n=54. They were acclimatized in a greenhouse and analyzed as true-hybrid plants by RAPD-PCR, PCR using SGR gene and karyotypes. The karyotypes of their hybrids were compared their genetic characters. As the result, they were discriminated all 18 hybrids. They had commonly almost intermediate characters between their parents. Those ten hybrids acclimatized in a greenhouse showed variations in chromosome construction compared to those of their parents.

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Karyotypes of three species of Vietnamese Camellia: C. cucphuongensis Ninh et Rosmann, C. pubicosta Merr. and C. terminalis (L.) Kunth. were studied and reported here for the first time. They had the diploid chromosome number of 2n=30 and the karyotype of K(2n=30)=19m+4m^sat+6sm+1st in C. cucphuongensis, 2n=30 and the karyotype of K(2n=30)=21m+5m^sat+4sm in C. pubicosta and 2n=30 and the karyotype of K(2n=30)=20m+1m^sat+8sm+1sm^sat in C. terminalis.

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Wild Asparagus officinalis L. grown in Mts. Altai, Altai Republic, Russia had the tetraploid karyotype of K(2n=44)=28m+14sm+2st.

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Cupressus sempervirens L. had the chromosome number of 2n=22 and its karyotype was composed of 22 metaand submeta-centric chromosomes with gradual variation in their lengths. In the chromosome complement six chromosomes had a secondary constriction at proximally interstitial region of the short arm and had CMA-bands on same positions of all secondary constrictions and neighbor regions. After silver staining six Ag-NORs appeared on nucleoli and chromosome at telophase, and at metaphase Ag-NORs appeared at the secondary constrictions of a few chromosomes. These results indicate all CMA-banded secondary constrictions have nucleolar organizing function. DAPI-bands appeared at interstitial and proximal regions of some chromosomes. A combination of chromosome morphology and fluorescent band patterns of the CMA- and DAPI-stainings can identify all pairs of homologous chromosomes. Advantage of the fluorescent bandings for comparative karyotype analysis in Cupressus is discussed.

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