Concerning the electrical dispersion of liquid into the air, size, number and amount of charge of dispersed particles were measured at different discharge currents. The results were found to be consistent with theoretically deduced relations, n=K₁i ^(2-α) , v=K₂i^{2 (α-1)} , q=K₃i ^(α-1) , Here, n is number of particles, v volume of each particles, q its amount of charge and i is discharge current. K₁, K₂, K₃, and α are constants which are characteristic of liquid used, α is determined from the dependence of volume of liquid dispersed upon discharge current. The above equations are based on assumptions that all the dispersed particles are of the same size and there is no interaction between them. These relations can be used to choose a liquid to be employed for a given process utilizing the electrical dispersion. For instance, if we use liquids with α=1 we can expect that the electrical charge and the size of each dispersed particle will be determined only by properties of the liquids, and number of particles will be increased proportionally with the discharge current.
By means of a high speed photography, the aspect of dispersing was observed. A small volume of liquid was drawn out of the capillary tube containing the liquid by high electric tension and there formed a swinging fine thread. When the amplitude of swing grew large enough, the thread was broken into small droplets.

View full abstract

A new developing method for the xerography using divided electrostatic capacities with the purpose of preventing edge effect was investigated.
Electrostatic capacity between two grounded plane electrodes was divided by the inserted photocoductive selenium layer into three parts C₁, C_s and C₂; existing between the upper electrode and the selenium, the selenium itself, and between the selenium and lower electrode respectively.
The capacity C₂ prevented the concentration of electric lines of force in the selenium, so the field strength distribution adjacent the edge of latent charging image on the selenium was not so discrete than that of the usual cascade method, in which the edge-effect in developing process refused the reproduction of original patterns to great extent.
Developed patterns with much reduced edge-effects were successfully obtained under various conditions in which the electric field in C₁ were directly controlled by those of backing capacity C₂.

View full abstract

Spectral distributions, light intensity dependencies and rates of decay of photocurrent and also, spectral reflectances on lead oxide layers sintered at temperautures within the range of 300∼600℃ were measured in vacuum at room temperature to interpret the mechanism of photoconduction on lead oxide. Furthermore, structural changes of lead oxide at temperature within the range of 100∼700℃ in air were determined by the high temperature X-ray diffraction method. The two peaks of photocurrent of lead oxide layers at 410 mμ and 580 mμ are due to the Pb-O bonds of α-type and β-type of lead oxide (or Pb⁺⁺-vacancy), respectively. Photocurrent (J) is proportional to I^α, where I is the intensity of light and α equals to 0.35∼0.45. All of the rates of decay of photocurrent are proportional to reciprocals of photocurrent at time t, (I/J^t); and then the two species of rate equation of decay on all samples were acertained. Therefore, the two recombinations in photconduction preceed as the two types of bimolecular reaction and then, the former is a direct recombination and the latter an indirect one.

View full abstract