This study seeks to clarify today's problems existing in the education of children. Toward this end, I will look into the educational policies, its practices, and the other relevant issues that concerns the educational capacity of community in general.
Firstly, I overview the current situation facing children, in particular, their criminal and other juvenile delinquency tendencies. I will also touch on the issues of children hooked on the virtual world, which affect their ability to associate with their beloved friends and neighbors.
Secondly, I describe the trend seen in the policies for rebuilding the educational capacity of community. The common characteristics are found in their trying to establish the school system of “Yutori and Jujitu” -enjoyable and substantial education-, in order to cultivate children's “Ikiru Chikara and Kokoro” -living ability and mind. The policy tries to achieve these aims by introducing the five days school system, the school subject called “comprehensive study” and the voluntary activities which needs the smooth cooperation of school, family and community. I also analyze the fact that the educational policies expect the human formational and educational possibilities of community.
Thirdly, this paper describes some educational practices in several communities across Japan, in which many children have been growing in community centers, civic halls, and unoccupied classrooms in primary schools.
Finally, I propose some ideas concerning the way to recognize the potential capacity of community in educational field. I argue the significance Of understanding the meaning of community life fOr children, and how to organize the association of children in community,etc.

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This is a paper focusing on “Community of Practice” which is proposed by Lave and Wenger. Using their ideas as a basic framework, we have developed our ideas to the cultural level, ideas each community possesses their own culture and community gives their culture to the community members. This proposal is utterly different from the one we usually have. In Japan, local governments inspire their community members to participate community activities to improve their environments, and the communities have many participants appreciated. The participation sounds like the duties for the community members. However, our thoughts lead new impression where members are not the one to give but the one to given. We researched a community of Kobe city and regarded boys and girls as a member of “Legitimate Peripheral Participation” the words used by Lave and Wenger.

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The first chapter described useful concepts and constructs such as prevention, crisis intervention, competence, empowerment, social support, and sense of community when we approached to the community policy from social psychological perspective. The second chapter introduced a case study which measured sense of community with the Photo Projective Method. Two participants in Amakusa Shimojima Island were provided with a disposable camera and requested to take pictures of favorite places and things. Pictures represented that resident's living conditions have been influenced by natural environment. New method for analysis of Photo Projective Method was developed.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between “Neighborhood Autonomy” and community by examining the case of the Machizukuri Association in Miharu Town, Fukushima Prefecture. The organizational characteristics of the Machizukuri Association are as follows.
First, the territory the Machizukuri Association covers is an ex-town or ex-village, which also comprises an elementary school ward, and this corresponds to the territory of a federation of community-based organizations. Second, it is positioned as an autonomous organization of residents by the public administration. Third, the association secures community representation and legitimacy by including leaders and officers of all social groups in the community.
Additional functional characteristics of the Machizukuri Association are as follows. First, the association executes its function as a community-based management organization. Second, it carries out the function of deepening the amity among the residents, and third, it conducts the function of decision making, such as regulating the community interest and building consensus.
In light of the results of this case study, with respect to the points of institution and function, the Machizukuri Association of Miharu Town can regarded as a prime example of the ideal of “Neighborhood Autonomy”

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The purpose of this issue is to compare the setting course of community policy that is the rival for community-based organization system under the effect of globalization between Japan and China, and to deliberate the social background of those policies which were practiced.
The appropriate community policies are made to aim for the reorganization of urban community-based organization and to emphasize the resident autonomy in Japan and China, when they face the change of social constitution with the growth of economy and the effect of globalization. This is the common point between Japan and China.
There is a time gap of about thirty years in the demand for community policy in Japan from two sides. One is the community policy in 1969 to correspond to the high speed growth of domestic economy. The other is to face the union of commune in the decentralization corresponding to economic globalization in the 1990, as well as resident autonomy. However, the demands are simultaneous with market economy from domestic to overseas, and with the reform opening policy practicing in china. This is one different point of community policy and resident autonomy between Japan and china. The other different point is that the systems are massive including the adjustment of law and policy in china, while and the activities are massive because the residents' activities are piled up from the grass root residents' campaigns in Japan.
The future research concerns the development of the independent residents' activities in China and the establishment of security in law and policy with the residents' activities in Japan.

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After over 20 years state ownership enterprise reform and economic reform, China is experiencing a large change in social security system. And expansion of regional economic gap and local government's power caused unique features of the present social security system. Referring to the comparative theories of social security regime, this paper discusses about the features of chinese social security system in planned economy period and the trend of present social security system reform. For catching the features of present changing social security system, I will use the concept of local corporatism. At planned economy period Danwei was the most important unit for social security in cities. Now social security function of Danwei has become weaker. Along with the expansion of local government's power, the formation of local corporatism has become universal phenomenon in china. As the local authority of the region, local government's role has become very important for regional social security. And the initiative of local government will give it's great effect. This is the biggest feature of the present changing social security system and the casuse of regional gap in social security. Because the formation of local corporatism is not a mere transitory phenomenon, it already has become a persistant and prevailing institusion, the local government's effect on regional social security will go on make a persistant feature. otherwise family care will become more important in future.

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