This study investigates the images that instructors of Japanese as a second language have toward their own occupation, and develops a scale for measuring such images. A survey employing 42 pair-items and a five-point scale was administered to 114 instructors. Factor analysis yielded 3 factors: "job demands," "positive attitude toward the job," and "appearances of the job." The other main results revealed that three groups of instructors felt "job demands" more strongly and that this difference was significant: (1) teachers in their 20's and 30's, compared to those in their 40's (p<.05), (2) instructors working for language schools, compared to those working for corporations (p<.05), and (3) female Japanese instructors, compared to their male counterparts (p<.01). Furthermore, instructors responding "no" or "I'm not sure" when asked if they planned to continue their jobs in the future showed less "positive attitude toward the job" compared to those responding "yes", and this difference was significant (p<.01).

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This article compares and analyzes the similarities and differences in the uses of address terms for non-kinship in Japanese and Korean. Some interesting results are found in the questionnaire: (1) the kinship terms, names or pet names, addresses for occupations or positions, and the personal pronouns, etc., between the acquaintances are used in both of the languages. The kinship terms in Japanese, however, are less frequently used for non-kinship, than the ones in Korean. In Korean the kinship terms are used more frequently to address the older people, who are not the family members; (2) The kinship terms, the personal pronoun, "attentive expression" (eg. 'anou, tyotto' in Japanese, and 'jeogi, jamkkan' in Korean), etc., are used between the unknown people when they first meet. In both Japanese and Korean, the parenthesis is widely used to the addressees when meeting for the first time. In use of a kinship terms, however, the Korean use them more frequently than Japanese.

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Ancient Chinese society was a feudal society with a very rigid hierarchy, a factor which to a greater or lesser extent influences the use of the language. In the book of rites (one century BC), the author prescribes that different words should be used to express the death of people according to their positions in the social hierarchy. This paper investigates in the general history of China (one century BC) the relation between the various variants that express the meaning of death and the social status of the one referred to; in addition to other factors that cause the language variation. This paper verifies the differentiations between the language norms in the book of rites and the applications in the general history of China.

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While analyzing relationships between language usage and social attributes, this paper also considers social values. Analyzing forms of address used between married couples will help us understand their social structure, values, and interpersonal relationships. The results of this research indicate that: 1. The younger the age, the less frequent old forms of address people have come to use, because such forms of address represent old values. 2. More than 80% of men and women chose the name category to equal extent. As the women became economically independent, the couples became equal partners.

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We investigated how people in Kanto evaluated Kansai women who use the interjectory particle "naa" and confirmatory conjecture expression "yaro" ("daro" in Kanto dialect), two forms which are used primarily by men in the Kanto region, and how Kansai people imagined that these Kansai women would be evaluated by people in Kanto. Results showed that with the exception of answers where they reserved judgment, Kanto speakers gave more affirmative answers than negative answers. In contrast, more Kansai people thought that the Kansai women would be evaluated negatively than those who thought that they would be evaluated affirmatively. In other words, Kanto speakers did not evaluate these Kansai women as negatively as the Kansai speakers thought they would. We also examined how Kansai people evaluated Kanto men who use the interjectory particle "nee" and confirmatory conjecture expression "desho", two forms which are used more frequently by women than by men in the Kanto region, and how Kanto people imagined that these Kanto men would be evaluated by people in Kansai. Results showed that with the exception of answers when they reserved judgment, Kansai speakers gave considerably more negative (50-60%) than affirmative answers. In contrast, more Kanto people who thought that they would be evaluated negatively than those who thought that they would be evaluated affirmatively. However, the percentage of negative answers was lower in Kanto than in Kansai.

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