Flame is one of the clear index to estimate fire severity and to assess the fire safety for buildings. Basic flame behavior from a single fire source is described based on the Froude modeling which is established in the dimensionless form of L_f/D ∝ Q^*2/(2n+3) taking n=1 for a line fire and n=2 for a square fire souce. For multi fire sources, not only a flame extension but also flame merging behavior is described based on experimental observation. Flame extension behavior in and near a 90° corner was also modeled as fire source approaching a corner or moving toward a wall. Flame from vertical distributed goods, such as rack stored goods, flame showed intermediate behavior taking n=1.5 for the relation of L_f/D ∝ Q^*2/(2n+3). A modeling for flame extension along a wall is also described as the base part of a wall burning. These equations are useful to estimate the fire propagation for various situations of fires.

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  Innovated primers for ABO genotyping were designed. To identify the 261 G deletion in O allele, a 101- or 102-bp PCR fragment was amplified by 261-f and 261-r primers and digested with Kpn I. For the detection of the 703 point mutation (G→A) in B allele, a 131-bp PCR fragment was amplified by 703-f and 703-r primers and digested with Msp I. Results obtained with these primers for 6 ABO-known fresh peripheral blood samples showed that these new primers could provide an accurate ABO genotype. As for the amount of template DNA, ABO genotype could be performed with approximately 10 pg of template DNA. In forensic specimens (e.g., whole blood, skeletal muscle, hair and/or bone marrow) with different postmortem intervals between 7 hours and 7 years, it was possible to successfully determine ABO genotype.

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  Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) was investigated as a simple and rapid method which allows us to determine cyanide and its related compounds in solid and aqueous samples nondestructively and without the need for time-consuming sample preparation.
  The Raman spectra of metal cyanides showed clear differences. These differences are adequate for spectral differentiation of the compounds. The spectra also showed significant differences from their related compounds such as cyanates and thiocyanides even in their aqueous solutions. Using the FT-Raman technique, cyanide was reliably detected at to a detection limit of 1mg/ml diluted in water and of 2.5-5mg/ml even in various drinks such as Japanese tea and coffee.
  Applying this technique, carbonate was able to be simultaneously determined along with cyanide in both solid and aqueous solution samples. This led to approximate estimation of initial concentration of cyanide in an aqueous solution left in ambiance.

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  Various analytical conditions of capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been examined for separation and detection of organophosphorous nerve gas hydrolysis products, methylphosphonic acid (MPA), ethyl-, isopropyl- and pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA, IMPA and PMPA). Seven analytical conditions were tested and compared with regard to detectability, quantitability, and the influence of high levels of chloride and carbonate. The detection limits for MPA and its monoalkyl esters varied from 0.01 ppm to 50 ppm. Peak detection was interfered by high levels of chloride and carbonate applied using three methods and depended on the types of ultraviolet-absorbing background ions contained in electrolytes, ways of detection and acidity of electrolytes (pH). Three conditions have been selected from the standpoint of sensitivity and influence of chloride and carbonate, and applied to the analysis of aqueous soil extract.

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  This study deals with the enantiomer analysis of methamphetamine (MAMP) and its metabolite amphetamine (AMP), in urine specimens obtained from 50 Japanese MAMP abusers arrested in Tochigi and Gunma Prefectures. In this analysis, not only d-enantiomer but also l-enantiomer and a mixture of d- and l-enantiomer of MAMP and AMP were detected in these urine specimens. The urinary excretion profile was classified roughly into five groups on the basis of the l/d ratio of MAMP and AMP enantiomers. The first group consists of abusers of d-MAMP in thirty-two cases, and the second group consists of abusers of l-MAMP only in one case. The third, fourth and fifth groups are abusers of the mixtures of d- and l-MAMP. The third group's urinary excretion of l-enantiomers of MAMP and AMP was lower than that of d-enantiomer in nine cases. The fourth group is quite the opposite of the third group: in both MAMP and AMP, more l-enantiomer than d-enantiomer is excreted in the four cases. The fifth group is the one in which the urinary excretion of l-MAMP is higher than that of d-MAMP, and l-AMP is lower than d-AMP in the four cases, and this result may suggest the stereoselective disposition in man. From these results, identification of the optical activity form of MAMP and its metabolite AMP will become necessary in practical police forensic examination in Japan.

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  The stability of sulfide and thiosulfate in human blood and urine during 4°C storage has been investigated. A human blood and urine samples supplemented with a known amount of sulfide or thiosulfate were stored at 4°C, and periodically analyzed for concentration of these compounds by GC-MS after pentafluorobenzyl derivatization. In urine supplemented with sulfide, its level was quickly decreased, resulting in no detection after 24 hr, and instead the metabolite thiosulfate was produced, which level reached the plateau of about 30% molar recovery of the added sulfide. In urine supplemented with thiosulfate, its level was quickly decreased within 1 hour and reached the plateau of about 50% molar recovery. In blood supplemented with sulfide, its level was quickly decreased within 1hr and the level reached the plateau of 60% molar recovery. The metabolite thiosulfate was produced, which level reached the plateau of about 50% molar recovery. Thiosulfate level in blood returned to the original level within a few hours after a quick decrease. The production of the derivatives of sulfide and thiosulfate in blood showed remarkable matrix effect (about one fifth in peak area) compared to those in water or urine. From blood supplemented with sulfide, a slightly raised recovery level of sulfide was obtained by addition of 2-mercaptoethanol, suggesting that a part of sulfide spiked to blood was trapped covalently in disulfide containing substances.

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  Automated analysis of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP) in human urine was made by using PrepStation^® with gas chromatograph / mass spectrometer (GC / MS). Using “an extraction-derivatization solution”, which was made up of chloroforrn, isopropylalcohol and propylchloroformate (150:50:1, v/v/v), it was possible to extract and derivatize MA and AP simultaneously. This method was applied to actual urine specimens. The analysis time for 1 sample was approximately 30 minutes. Linear calibration curves, using the internal standard method, were obtained throughout the concentration range from 0.25 to 5 μg/ml in either the scan or selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Using a scan mode the detection limits were 1 μg/ml for both MA and AP and using a SIM mode the limits were 0.25 μg/ml for both MA and AP. The system studied here appeared simple and useful towards its application in daily duties.

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  Though easiness and availability of a screening test are important factors, its correctness is most important for a drug abuser's arrest according to screening results. The use of Triage^® in screening tests to detect stimulants was examined.
  Abusers' urine samples contained methamphetamine at the concentration of which ranges from 1μg/ml to 479 μg/ml, and 66 μg/ml(n=68) on the average. Triage^® showed negative reaction at 1000 μg/ml to 1500 μg/ml, even though there was a high concentration of methamphetamine. Triage^® gives false negative result, even when there is a very high concentration of stimulant present in the urine. We should take this into consideration.

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  This study developed a new nondestructive detection method of latent fingerprints by infrared (IR)ray. For this purpose, IR-spectrum of human epidermal secretion was measured at a wavelength from 3,800cm^-1 to 600cm^-1 after preparation of the sample tablet by impressing a finger lightly on the surface of the KBr tablet.
  As a result, maximum absorption was observed at around 2920cm^-1 (3.4 μm). Based on this result, infrared-television system (IR-TV) was introduced for detection of fingerprints.
  Specimens of fingerprints were prepared by impressing a finger on a plastics surface. Detection method of the latent fingerprints was studied using IR-TV attached with IR filter using 4 kinds of IR ray source. The IR ray sources used were a common tungsten lamp, xenon lamp (300-680 μm), IR-lamp (6 A , 250W), and a hair dryer (100A, 500W). As a result, latent fingerprints on the plastics was detected on the IR-TV display monitor using the IR lamp and hair dryer as an IR ray source.

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