The canine prostate gland is the sole accessory sex organ of male dogs and completely encircles the proximal urethra. It is immediately caudal to the bladder. The diseases of the canine prostate are benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, cystic hyperplasia, abscess, prostatic neoplasia. It has been reported that eighty percent of the unneutered dogs had prostatic hyperplasia by age 6 years. Neoplasia of the prostate is uncommon in dogs and the most common histologic tumor type is adenocarcinoma. Prostatic carcinoma in dogs is a consistently aggressive disease, 80% of dogs have metastases on autopsy. In this article, the surgical options for prostatic diseases are reviewed.

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In recent years, organoids have been generated from various organs with the established iPS. However, the formation of capillary, which is the key renal organoid to hemofiltration, has not been successful yet. In this study, we investigated whether nephrons can be formed by introducing the microgravity environment combined with transplantation technology. Firstly, developing mouse kidney cells were cultured in a microgravity apparatus to form the fused spheroids. The formation of ureteric buds, nephron precursor and glomerular-like tissues were confirmed in the fused spheroids. Subsequently, the fused spheroids were transplanted under the mouse kidney capsule, which resulted in the formation of nephron-like tissue structure. Furthermore, the perfusion of fluorescent labeled albumin into the transplanted mouse showed albumin existing in the glomerular-like structure of the transplanted spheroid, and capillary structure revealed.

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The antitumor activity of piroxicam and cyclooxygenase （COX）-2 expression was investigated in dogs with primary renal tumor. By immunohistochemistry, COX-2 was expressed in 42.9% （6/14） of the tumors examined. All of the tumors with positive COX-2 staining were epithelial in origin （renal adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma）, and COX-2 expression was also confirmed in metastatic tumors. COX-2 was not expressed in mesenchymal and embryonic tumors. Among dogs that were not surgically treated, those treated with piroxicam （3/8） had a significantly longer median survival than those untreated （5/8）. Among dogs that had metastasis at the time of first presentation, the median survival was significantly longer in dogs treated with piroxicam （8/16） than those without （8/16）. Tumor shrinkage at both primary and metastatic sites was confirmed in one dog treated with piroxicam alone. These results suggest possible antitumor activities of piroxicam in canine primary renal tumors.

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In male dogs, urethral obstruction is a frequently encountered disease, however, obstruction due to urethral polyps is rare and only two cases have been reported. This time, w e encountered a pug with dysuria and suspected neoplastic obstruction in the penile urethra, so we performed urethral reconstruction using a modified Preputial Urethrostomy Technique. Histopathological examination revealed papillary polyps and good postope rative urination. If the lesion was confined to the penis, this operative method was considered effective.

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A fractured ureteral stent was revealed by imaging two years and two months after placement of the ureteral stent in a cat with right ureteral obstruction and left renal atrophy. However, elevated serum creatinine or renal pelvis dilatation was not observed and urinary flow in the right ureter remained unobstructed. Renal pelvis dilation and elevated serum creatinine was detected seven years and five months later. Therefore we speculate that inserting a ureteral stent in the ureteral cavity by leaving a space between the stent and the ureteral wall can result in long-term urinary flow around the stent.

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Urinary tract disease is a common clinical presentation in dogs and cats, and a common reason for antimicrobial prescription. This document is a revision and expansion on the 2011 Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats, providing recommendations for diagnosis and management of sporadic bacterial cystitis, recurrent bacterial cystitis, pyelonephritis,bacterial prostatitis, and subclinical bacteriuria. Issues pertaining to urinary catheters, medical dissolution of uroliths and prophylaxis for urological procedures are also addressed.

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[in Japanese]

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