In this study, we investigate the audience effects on both performance for a change-detection task and state anxiety. The participants were asked to report on the changing part of alternating images using a mouse cursor and change-detection times were measured. In Experiment 1, participants undertook the change-detection task either alone or with another person standing behind them. The mean change-detection times for the observed condition was significantly longer than for the alone condition. In Experiment 2, participants were observed via a video camera rather than in person. The pattern of change-detection times was similar to Experiment 1, with the means of state anxiety score also being significantly higher for the observed conditions than for the alone conditions. These results suggest that being observed by another person heightens the state anxiety of participants, which may adversely influence visual-attention during change-detection tasks.

Numerous studies have focused on the mechanisms and structures of autobiographical memory and various categories and measurement tasks have been proposed. Neuropsychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, cognitive psychologists, and clinical psychologists have all developed measurement tasks relevant to their disciplines. However, as those research domains are rarely been cross-referenced. I summarize their various findings, in order to (1) classify autobiographical memories, (2) identify what measurement tasks are appropriate, (3) account for the retrieval of autobiographical memories, and (4) discuss the correspondences between such classifications and the measurement tasks. Integrating prior findings, I also suggest some possible directions towards developing new research frontiers.

In this paper, I review recent psychological and neuroscientific studies that have investigated eye vergence and binocular depth perception. Eye vergence refers to the disconjugate rotations of both eyes, while binocular depth perception arises from processing retinal disparities in visual cortex. Recent studies indicate that (a) disparity-induced horizontal, vertical, and torsional vergence all occur relatively quickly to the presentation of visual stimuli and (b) multiple brain regions are involved in binocular depth perception. Based on these findings, I propose a hypothesis about how the visual system resolves the problem of stereo correspondence and processes horizontal, vertical, and torsional disparities.