The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is procuring conductors for the ITER central solenoid (CS). To evaluate the superconducting performance of the CS conductor, a test coil “CS insert” was fabricated and tested at the CS model coil test facility in JAEA Naka. The CS insert is a single-layer, nine-turn solenoid using a piece of the actual CS conductor. The test was performed in 2015, and its duration was five months including initial cool-down and final warm-up. At the beginning, the nominal conditions of 40 kA - 13 T and 45.1 kA - 12.5 T were achieved. The change in current-sharing temperature (T_cs) was then measured during 16,000 cycles of electromagnetic force and three cycles of warm-up to room temperature and cool-down. There was no apparent degradation of T_cs observed. The variation in T_cs resulting from conductor strain in the longitudinal direction was also measured using direct and reverse charges. Quenching behavior was measured using an inductive heater installed at the middle point of the CS insert. From the tests, a database to estimate the performance of the CS conductor for the actual ITER CS was established.

View full abstract

The performance of the ITER central solenoid insert (CSI) conductor was tested in 2015. The current-sharing temperatures (T_cs) were measured over 16,000 electromagnetic cycles, including three thermal cycles between 4.2 K and room temperature. T_cs under the initial magnetization (IM) condition (13 T, 40 kA) of the CSI conductor not only increased, but also decreased between 6.71 and 6.84 K against cycling; then T_cs became almost constant at 6.74 K. Thus T_cs under the IM condition, was approximately 1.5 K higher than the specification of 5.2 K throughout the test. The slope of the hoop strain (ε_hoop) on the CSI conductor against the electromagnetic force was 1.55×10^-4 % m/kN (in ε_hoop > 0) and 1.39×10^-4 % m/kN (in ε_hoop < 0). Taking the effect of ε_hoop into account, the T_cs of the CSI under the SULTAN simulated condition (11.5 T, 45.1 kA) was equivalent to that of the SULTAN test after around 10,000 cycles. Before around 10,000 cycles, especially at the initial charge, the T_cs of the SULTAN test was lower than that of the CSI test. It is assumed that the hoop strain in the CSI test accelerated a strain relaxation, which increased the T_cs from the initial charge. When the strain fully relaxed and T_cs stopped increasing after around 10,000 cycles, the T_cs of the SULTAN test became equivalent to that of the CSI test. Given this perspective, the CSI test and SULTAN test were consistent. In ε_hoop > 0, the absolute value of the effective strain (ε_eff) of the CSI test decreased (i.e., T_cs increased) against the electromagnetic force (F_r) because the effect of the positive ε_hoop on the increase in T_cs exceeded the effect of the F_r on the decrease in T_cs. The line of ε_eff −ε_hoop of the CSI test against F_r was nearly symmetric about the y-axis (F_r=0). Comparing the ε_eff −ε_hoop of the CSI test and the ε_eff of the SULTAN test, the slopes of the strain against F_r were almost the same between the CSI test and SULTAN test before cycling. The ε_eff of the SULTAN test became close to the ε_eff−ε_hoop of the CSI test after cycling. This CSI test demonstrated that mass-produced CS conductors are highly capable of being used in the ITER.

View full abstract

For the stable operation of the Central Solenoid (CS) coil of the ITER without quenching, it is important to know the threshold of allowable external heating energy the CS conductor can be subjected to during operation. To evaluate the minimum quench energy of the CS conductor for the ITER, an inductive heating test was performed during the CS Insert Coil (CSIC) test campaign. A 59-turn inductive heater installed on the central turn of the CSIC was used to apply the heat energy. The heating energy from the inductive heater was calibrated by calorimetry using short conductor samples with inductive heater windings and a resistive heater. A series of inductive heating tests was performed while applying a 45.1 kA current and 12.5 T backup field on the CSIC. The alternating current (AC) applied for the inductive heater was 1,000 Hz in 40 ms, and the amplitude of the AC was varied until a quench occurred. As the result, it was obtained that the minimum quench energy for the CSIC heated by eddy current was 0.23 J/cm³ without including the joule heating energy of the heater itself.

View full abstract

The Central Solenoid (CS) insert coil consists of a 42-m-long CS conductor, of which the specifications are the same as that of the ITER CS. In order to investigate normal zone propagation and hot spot temperature, a quench test was carried out on the CS insert under End-of-Burn condition at 12.5 T and 45.1 kA of after 16,000 cycles. External heat was applied at nearly the center of the CS insert using an inductive heater, and quench was induced. A current of 45.1 kA was dumped 9.5 s (7 s) after voltage generation (Quench detection, QD). The Normal zone propagation length reached 23.4 m, and the maxim propagation velocity was 3.1 m/s just before dumping. Considering the distribution of temperature, which is calculated by GANDALF, hot spot temperature was expected to reach 227 K. As the result, it was found that the hot spot temperature exceeded the criteria of 150 K which is designed on ITER. However, heating the CS insert to 227 K did not influence conductor performance, because the current sharing temperature was maintained after the quench test. Therefore, the quench detection has a margin of approximately 9.5 s (7 s) after voltage generation (QD) in view of the conductor performance under the conditions applied in this quench test. If the hot spot temperature is kept to less than 150 K, the current should be dumped 7.5 s (5 s) before voltage generation (QD). These results are very useful for designing quench protection of the ITER CS.

View full abstract