The number of dispatched workers had been increased during 2004 to 2008 in Japan. The applicants of labor disaster insurance from dispatched workers had increased also.

　The increasing of applicants was coming from the increasing of numbers of dispatched workers or the rates of disaster incidence on dispatched workers are discussed.

　The number of dispatched workers increased from 890000 to 1980000 on the Press Report of Ministry of Health and Labor, from 850000 to 1400000 on the Labor Force Survey of the Japanese Statistic Bureau during 2004 to 2008.

　The incidence of casualty per 100000 whole workers is 253 in 2004 and 228 in 2008. That of dispatched workers increased from 75 to 284 calculated from Ministry of Health and Labor data, and also increased from 78 to 402 calculated from Statistic Bureau data.

　The incidence of die per 100000 whole workers is 3.3 in 2004 and 2.4 in 2008. That of dispatched workers is 2.9 and 1.6 calculated from Ministry of Health and Labor data, and also 3.1 and 2.2 calculated from Statistic Bureau data respectively.

　The safeguards of dispatched workers are not sufficient from casualty.

　As the antislavery movement gained momentum in the mid-nineteenth century, the literary market was flooded with slave narratives written by (ex-) slaves or their amanuenses, which became a popular genre. Among more than 150 narratives published in a separate form from the 1790s to the 1920s, only one out of ten narratives was written by/about slave women. However, these narratives reveal their gender-oriented experiences in slavery, such as denied motherhood and sexual exploitation. Compared with male authors, who depicted the violence of slavery by presenting victimized and suppressed slave women, woman narrators/writers were articulate, positive, and even defiant toward their victimizers. Their life stories are retold, from the woman's perspective, as a "trial," not a "tragedy." For example, Sally Williams, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Jacobs, and Elizabeth Keckley demonstrated in their narratives that they endeavored to resist their cruel fate such as forced separations by sale and coerced concubinage and childbirths. Motherhood was sustained by faith, and slave women resisted sexual exploitation by a "woman's pride." The slave women's truth in slavery is inscribed by authors/narrators who were ambivalent whether to write/tell or remain silent. The slave women's narratives provide us with a woman-centered history of the enslaved, different from the slave men's and white masters' testimonies.

　The United States of America, founded in advocacy of democracy in the late eighteenth century, was confronted with people's discontent and protests against the patriarchal system, with the rise of abolitionism in the 1830s. In the antebellum and postbellum years, people across the country claimed suffrage, equality in employment and education, moral improvement, etc. This paper considers the beliefs and achievements of three pioneer women who not only objected to the patriarchal sociopolitical structure of the nineteenth-century America but also worked toward realizing the true American democracy, clearly expressed in the Declaration of Independence by the Founding Fathers: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a radical woman suffragist who demanded the equal treatment of both sexes, from the north (the east); Harriet Tubman, a conductor of the Underground Railroad and humanitarian, from the south; and Bethenia Owens-Adair, a pioneer woman doctor who struggled in the male-dominated field of medicine, from the west. The anger and resentment they harbored against people's prejudices and discriminations as well as unjust laws and rules strengthened their beliefs in equality, regardless of race and gender, and motivated and impelled them to live their beliefs. The three women's fight in search of true American democracy that were roused by their life experiences in the private sphere consequently led to their later activities in the public sphere and exposed the governmental hypocrisy regarding human rights and equality. The struggles they undertook in their lives, pursuing the true American democracy, have encouraged our further practices for the cause.

*Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅴ are written by Tamiko Miyatsu, Ⅱ by Yasuko Nakamura, and Ⅳ by Michiko Mayuzumi.