The reaction rates of water gas shift reaction based on detailed chemistry from 1373 K to 1573 K were analyzed. The obtained data sets were used to train a neural network. For validation, temporal changes of mole fraction were simulated using the trained neural network, and the results were compared with those using detailed chemistry. Since the results of neural network were in good agreement with these of detailed chemistry, the neural network with information of nitrogen and temperature in the input layer was able to predict reaction rates with high accuracy.

In this study, we measured the temperature at the tip of the lance in blast furnace and analyzed heat transfer to understand the actual situation, and observed the cross section of the actual lance with Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to examine the choke mechanisms. As a result, it was confirmed that the pulverized coal blowing lance of a blast furnace is exposed to high temperature, especially at the tip of the lance. It was also suggested that the growth of oxide layers on the inner surface of the lance and the resulting unevenness were related to the adhesion of pulverized coal particles.

In a blast furnace, coke plays various roles such as supplying a heat source and generating reducing gases such as CO through a gasification reaction. However, with the global warming progresses, it is becoming necessary to reduce CO₂ emissions. To reduce CO₂ emissions, Hydrogen-enriched blast furnace operation is being considered. In this study, in order to find the difference between CO₂ gasification and H₂O gasification, we used the SEM to observe the cross-section of cokes.

To reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission, replacement of coal used for cokemaking to carbon-neutral material such as “biomass” is required. However, one difficulty in using biomass for cokemaking is the increase in coke reactivity of CO₂ gasification reaction due to biomass addition. Therefore, effects of heat-treated biomass addition on coke reactivity and control methods for the reactivity were investigated. Obtained results demonstrated that the addition of heat-treated biomass increased the coke reactivity. On the other hand, increase in coking temperature and reflectance of coal (Ro) decreased the coke reactivity. Based on the X-ray diffraction analysis, it was suggested that decrease in the coke reactivity with increase in coking temperature and Ro is attributable to increase in the coke crystalline.

To investigate the relationship between three-dimensional characteristics of fissure and coke size, an image processing method was developed for 3D medical CT images to extract fissure surface. The three-dimensional volume of coke fissure showed a poor correlation with coke size, while the surface area of fissure showed a good correlation with size of coke that was not subjected to rotational impact. However, the relationship between coke size and fissure surface area under rotational impact is not perfect, and it may be necessary to consider the effects of smaller cracks.

The authors are developing the poly-generation system based on coal gasification with CO₂ capture. In this system, we expect the effective utilization of plastic waste as a fuel. The acceleration of tar and soot formation should be concerned due to the high content of volatile in plastic waste, so this behavior needs to be investigated. In this study, pyrolysis experiments of coal, RPF (refuse derived paper and plastics densified fuel), and their mixtures were carried out at 1400°C and the carbon structure of soot were analyzed with Raman spectroscopy. Acetylene yield during pyrolysis was higher with increasing the mixing ratio of RPF. The growth of aromatic nucleus contents of soot was proportional to the mixing ratio of RPF.

Electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO₂ is one of the most promising technologies for electrification of the conversion process of CO₂ to obtain valuable chemicals/fuels without extreme condition requirements. Here, the performance of an electrocatalyst with the three-dimensional structure of indium thin-layer dispersed completely over Zn nanosheet structure growing on Cu/Cu foam (CF) is presented. This electrocatalyst was fabricated by electrodeposition of In and Zn over CF and exhibited a superior reduction at a Faradaic efficiency of 93.7% and an excellently long duration of 100h. Furthermore, owing to the synergy of the In thin layer, the Zn nanosheets provided a high active surface area and strong mechanical robustness during the reaction. Moreover, the InZnCu/CF catalyst presented low input energy of 2.90MWh for converting one ton of CO₂ into CO, that is an encouraging achievement toward a feasible large scale applications.

In recent years, the waste fiber have been increasing, and the recycling rate of the waste fiber is low. Therefore, a new method for separating blended fibers is required. It has been reported that the reaction rate is improved by the addition of Tetrabutyl Orthotitanate (TBT) catalyst in the thermal decomposition of polyester (PEs). In this study, a method for separating cotton / PEs blended fibers by TBT catalyst thermal decomposition was investigated. We analyzed the weight change during thermal decomposition by TGA, and investigated the effect of the catalyst on the thermal decomposition behavior of cotton and PEs.

Oxidative treatment with organic peroxides is effective for oxidizing thiophene, which is the main organic sulfur in high-rank coals. The sulfone generated by oxidation of thiophene can be easily removed by pyrolysis at low temperature. However, it is known that the reactivity of thiophenic sulfur to organic peroxides depends significantly on the type of coal. In this study, the relationship between the reactivity of thiophenic sulfur in subbituminous and bituminous coals and coal properties was investigated, and it was confirmed that the reactivity of thiophenic sulfur decreased as the carbon content of coal increased.

We have proposed a novel coal pre-treatment method that combines oxidation reactions by molecular oxygen and the following reduction reactions by coexisting gaseous formic acid to upgrade a bituminous coal at 90°C-150°C under atmospheric pressure. It was found that the softening and melting performance of the treated coals was enhanced when oxygen and formic acid existed in gas phase at the same time at 90‒130°C. The amount of low-molecular-weight compounds (LMWC) in the coal significantly increased by the treatment, increased by 29% on raw coal’s LMWC basis by the treatment at 90°C in oxygen/formic acid. Surprisingly, the oxygen content of the coal decreased even in the presence of molecular oxygen when formic acid coexisted.

A degradative solvent extraction method for upgrading low-rank coal was performed at 200–350°C for 90 min to obtain Soluble, which is a substance dissolved in the solvent at room temperature and include a high carbon content without ash. Furthermore, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have attracted attention for decreasing the oxygen content in Soluble. DES, which was prepared by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) and FeCl₃·6H₂O, and Adaro subbituminous coal (AC) were added to 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) as a non-polar solvent, and degradative solvent extraction was performed in the range of 200–350°C. The effects of reaction temperature and DES amount on the composition of Soluble were evaluated. As the reaction temperature and amount of DES added increased, carbon content in Soluble increased. It was also found that the thermal decomposition temperature of Soluble and oxygen content in Soluble decreased with increasing DES amounts. This decrease indicates that DES promotes the deoxygenation of AC.

Utilization of biomasses, such as woody biomass and torrefied biomass, in pulverized coal thermal power plants is important for reducing CO₂ emissions. However, these biomasses have the risk of ignition during pulverization in roller mill. In this study, the propensity for self-heating of deposited biomasses and coals in roller mill was evaluated by the wire-mesh basket tests. The results showed that initial rate of heat release had good correlation with maximum temperature rise. Thus, the initial rate of heat release is considered suitable for evaluating the self-heating characteristics of biomasses and coals. It was clarified that the initial rates of heat release of biomasses were lower than those of coals.

Exothermic reaction of coals and biomass fuels during low-temperature oxidation causes self-heating and spontaneous combustion of them. In this study, increases in temperature due to low temperature oxidation were measured for 7 kinds of coals by using an adiabatic heating reactor. Simultaneously, oxygen concentration of off-gas from the reactor was measured to estimate the amount of oxygen consumption. As a result, it was found that the exothermic amount per unit oxygen consumption is approximately constant for all coals examined in this study. This constant will be useful for prediction of exothermic property of these fuels.

In pulverized coal-fired boilers, operational problems and heat transfer inhibition may occur due to ash deposition. It has been confirmed that iron components are concentrated in the initial ash as a cause of ash deposition. In this study, combustion experiments were conducted using a laboratory-scale combustion furnace (DTF) to investigate the effect of pyrite minerals in coal, which are involved in ash deposition and corrosion, on fly ash formation.

Six types of coal samples were used: four with pyrite mineral content adjusted by dry specific gravity separation of coal, and two with 0.5w% and 1.0w% pyrite minerals added to the coal to investigate the effect of pyrite excluded mineral particles. CCSEM analysis of fly ash and the relationship between PM production in coal and pyrite-excluded minerals are reported.

CRIEPI is developing a poly-generation system using various fuels with CO₂ capture. The system is composed of a gasifier, a gas clean-up, a power generation, and a chemical synthesis process. The gasifier is based on an O₂/CO₂/H₂O blown gasifier developed in a previous project for developing an Oxy-fuel IGCC system, and it will be upgraded in the present project to treat various carbonaceous feedstock, such as plastic wastes as well as coal. This presentation shows the current progress of the research project, especially about 3 TPD gasifier test results. Coal and polypropylene (PP) as a plastic-waste simulated sample were co-gasified by the 3 TPD gasifier. In the case of polypropylene injection into the combustor, organic gas concentration in syngas was suppressed compared with the case of its injection into the reductor.

In Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), we are developing the basic technologies for a polygeneration system with CO₂ capture utilizing various fuels such as coal, waste plastic and biomass. The system is using an O₂/CO₂/H₂O blown gasifier for producing syngas. In this development, the gasification reaction characteristics and the tar generation behavior in the reductor of a two-stage entrained flow gasifier are examined using a solid fuel gasification experimental facility simulating reductor of gasifier. In this study, we evaluated the tar generation behavior of fuel that is a mixture of coal and plastics fed into the reductor.

The Osaki CoolGen Project is aiming to realize the revolutionary low carbon coal fired power generation through the combination of Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC). This project consists of three steps. In the first step, a demonstration of oxygen-blown Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) has been successfully completed. In the second step, oxygen-blown IGCC with CO₂ capture is currently demonstrated. In the third step, IGFC with CO₂ capture is demonstrated from 2022.

Oxygen-Blown entrained flow gasification is one of the technologies that efficiently converts solid fuels to syngas and hydrogen. J-POWER is advancing its efforts to implement the technology of oxygen-blown coal gasification and CO₂ separation and capture for future CO₂-free hydrogen power generation plant. The thermal mass balance model of EAGLE gasifier is developed based on the experimental data and makes it possible to roughly estimate gasification characteristics for various solid fuel such as coal, biomass, and its mixture.

The objectives of this investigation were to prepare an adsorbent with high CO₂ adsorption capacity and to clarify the effect of N-doping on the CO₂ adsorption of activated carbon (AC). First, N-doped AC (NH₃-AC) was prepared by NH₃ treatment of AC prepared from biomass, and its CO₂ adsorption amount was evaluated. Next, chemical and pore property analyses of the NH₃-AC were performed to clarify the effect of N-species on the CO₂ adsorption ability. CO₂ adsorption ability of AC improved by NH₃ treatment until 400°C. In contrast, the ability of NH₃-AC prepared at 500°C or higher decreased with increasing NH₃ treatment temperature. When the NH₃ treatment temperature was <200 and 700-800°C, N% in NH₃-AC increased. N1s XPS analysis showed that N in NH₃ was mainly incorporated into the AC as pyridinic-N. Pore analysis showed that micropores of 0.55-0.85nm decreased when the NH₃ treatment temperature was >500°C. It was concluded that the decrease in CO₂ adsorption ability was due to the reduction in micropores. However, no significant change was observed in the pore properties of NH₃-AC prepared at NH₃ treatment temperature of 200-400°C, suggesting that the increase in CO₂ adsorption ability was due to the formation of basic sites by the pyridinic-N introduced during NH₃ treatment.

CO₂ recirculation in the oxy-fuel Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) system is essential for continuous use of coal in the future. This study presents a detailed kinetic investigation into coal gasification under O₂-N₂ and oxy-fuel (O₂-H₂O, O₂-CO₂) gasifying agents. The effects on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot formation in the reductor of a two-stage entrained flow gasifier were simulated using CHEMKIN. The detailed chemical kinetic model includes 202 species, 1,351 gas-phase reactions, and 101 surface reactions. The numerical results showed that the oxy-fuel blown modes promoted tar reforming to complete elimination at 1,200°C (<1.5mg/Nm^₃). Because of a different tar conversion behavior, the O₂-H₂O blown mode provided a more potent tar-yield inhibition. In the case of soot formation, the amount of soot decreased under oxy-fuel blown modes. This behavior resulted from hydrogen abstraction and C₂H₂ addition (HACA) surface growth, and nucleation rate reductions. Also, the PAHs condensation had a weak effect on the soot formation rate among different gasifying agents. This study promises a better gasification process design for a two-stage entrained flow gasifier in an oxy-IGCC system.

We have proposed a pretreatment method for improving coking property of low-grade coals, in which low-grade coals are treated with a reductant such as formic acid at around 60°C. It was shown that the treatment by either aqueous formic acid or formic acid vapor significantly improved the coals’ thermoplastic performance and enhanced the strength of the resulting coke even though consumption of the reductant formic acid was small enough to hardly change the elemental composition of the coals. We have also succeeded in restoring the coking property of weathered coking coal.

To prepare ultra-low sulfur coal, we have challenged chemical desulfurization of subbituminous coals using two peroxides, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation was promoted only at 60°C, accompanied by significant carbon loss. On the other hand, treatment with peracetic acid promoted the oxidation of thiophene with low carbon loss. By combining pre-oxidation with peracetic acid treatment and pyrolysis at 400°C, 74% of total sulfur and 72% of thiophene could be removed while recovering approximately 90% of total carbon as char.

In this study, the chemical components in the ash of Quang Ninh (QN) coal from Vietnam were used for the preparation of zeolite. Reagents which match the ash composition of Quang Ninh (QN) coal were collected and ZSM-5 zeolite was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method in the presence of the components of QN coal ash (CA). The catalysts with changing SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios were characterized by crystallinity in XRD and pore properties in N₂ adsorption and desorption measurements. Furthermore, catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was performed at 500°C using the Curie point pyrolyser method in order to investigate the difference in performance between zeolites with and without coal ash components. A conventional zeolite, H-ZSM-5-CR150(48h)_78, which was prepared at 150°C for 48h with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 78, exhibited the maximum conversion of 88%. When the zeolite, QNCA-H-ZSM-5 CR150(48h)_78, was prepared using coal ash components, the results from characterization of crystallinity and pore structure were almost same as those from the conventional one. However, the conversion of LDPE decreased while the gasoline fraction increased. Catalysts with higher crystallinity had the higher conversions.

Low-temperature plasma ashing (LTA) is a pretreatment method that is used to preserve volatile ash contents. LTA was applied to the conditions of pulverized coal which used in actual boilers, and it was investigated to its status. The results showed that, it was confirmed that sulfur was preserved with progression of LTA. On the other hand, the coal which could not progress of LTA showed the fine ash accumulation on the surface of its coal particles. And, it was considered that the LTA reaction was inhibited with this phenomenon.

In order to predict the trajectory of ash particles as they impact the heat transfer tubes due to inertial impact, information on particle size, density, and particle shape of ash particles is necessary. In this study, we investigated a method for shape classification of ash particles using deep learning from SEM images of fly ash particles. As a result, we succeeded in classifying ash particles ranging in size from 1 to 200 μm into eight shapes and obtaining an integrated particle size distribution for each shape.

Stable operation of coal gasifier is the key subject for practical use of Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). It is necessary to satisfy the condition of keeping stable slag discharge with holding temperature in a gasifier higher than fusion temperature of the slag. This temperature for gasifier’s operation has been determined on the basis of the experimental coal ash fusion temperature, which requires a lot of work and time. Therefore, in order to improve the operability of IGCC, coal ash fusion temperatures were predicted using chemical composition of ash and machine learning technique in this study. As a result, it was confirmed that the most accurate predicted value can be obtained by creating a model that combines outlier removal by LOF and regression analysis by Random Forest.

It is reported that HCl was adsorbed on Ca-doped O₂ activated carbon (AC) at 100 and 300°C. However, the influence of metals on the adsorption capacity of AC and the adsorption stabilization mechanism of HCl have not yet been clarified. In this study, three carbon active site models (armchair, zigzag and tip sites) with two or four active sites were used for molecular orbital (RHF/STO-3G) calculations. As a result, the molecular models of the Ca-doped carbon materials showed that the presence of Ca increased the number of active sites available for the chemical adsorption of HCl molecules. Furthermore, it was found that Ca has a great influence on the electronic state of carbon materials.

To develop the civil engineering materials for artificial seaweed forest, the solidification material mixed with unburned pulverized shell (FA-Shell Block; FSB) was made without using cement. To increase the specific gravity of the materials by blending aggregate was investigated. Ans also its initial strength by steam curing tests was carried out in this study. It was found that the initial strength of FSB can be increased by blending blast furnace slag increased by blending blast furnace fine slag powder (BFS) and steam curing. On the other hand, since the strength development by long-term curing was reversed with wet curing, it is necessary to consider the optimum curing method from a cost perspective.

For quantitative analysis of aromatic molecules in coal pyrolysis gas, a VUV-SPI-MS system have been developed to continuously measure the generated gases. Coals with different degrees of carbonization have been heated from room temperature to 800°C, and the generated gases have been measured using this equipment to compare the molecular species generated by the different coals types. It has been found that benzene and toluene are mainly detected in the pyrolysis gas of bituminous coals with relatively low oxygen concentrations, while gases containing OH groups such as phenol and cresol are mainly generated from subbituminous coals with high oxygen concentrations. Solid-state ¹³C-NMR spectra of coking coals corroborate this result, indicating that the proportion of oxygen bonded to aromatic carbon is greater in younger coals. These two results provide insight into the relationship between coal pyrolysis g as and the structure of the coking coal.

Formed samples containing biomass (cedar wood powder) were heated first to 450-600°C at 10-40°C/min under pressure in an inert atmosphere and then to 800°C at 3°C/min under ambient pressure. The principal conclusions were summarized as follows: (1) Rapid heating treatment in the softening and melting temperature range of coal was effective in improving coke strength even in the presence of biomass. (2) Formed samples containing 3-5 % biomass without any pretreatment could produce coke of 4-5 MPa, though the coke strength was lower than that of standard blended coal. (3) It was found that biomass modified in 1-methylnaphthalene could maintain the coke strength at the standard blended coal level (approximately 9 MPa).

Formed samples with a weight ratio of caking coal : slightly-caking coal : non-caking coal = 15:45:40 were first heated rapidly to 450-600°C at 10-40°C/min under pressure in a stream of pure He, and the temperature was then increased to 800°C at a slow heating rate of 3°C/min under ambient pressure. When the temperature range of the rapid heating was increased from room temperature-450°C to room temperature-600°C, the adhesiveness between coal particles increased and the strength of the resulting coke increased significantly. In addition, the strength of 800°C coke tended to increase with increasing the rapid heating rate. Furthermore, the strength tended to be higher at larger pressure, and the optimum pressure was 1 MPa under the present conditions.

Fouling deposits in crude oil heat exchanger contain organic compounds and iron compounds. The effect of iron compounds on the formation of the deposits was examined. Mixtures of asphaltene (As) and iron compounds (FeS, α-Fe₂O₃) were thermally treated at 365°C for 8 h. Approximately 60 % of toluene-insoluble fractions were recovered from As with and without iron compounds. The fractions were investigated by elemental analysis, LDI/TOF/MS and IR. The average molecular models of the fractions were determined using these measured data. The models of the fractions prepared from As/-, As/FeS and As/Fe₂O₃ showed polyaromatic structure. The number of aromatic rings of the fraction prepared from As/Fe₂O₃ was slightly larger than that of the fractions prepared from As/- and As/FeS. This result suggested lattice oxygen of α-Fe₂O₃ proceeded thermal decomposition and condensation reaction of As.

To clarify the reaction between water and coal for the purpose of elucidating the coal spontaneous exothermic phenomenon, experiments were conducted using H₂¹⁷O. Coal and H₂¹⁷O were treated at 40-80°C in an O₂ atmosphere. The gases generated were quantified by a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The results showed that about half of the CO and CO₂ generated contained ¹⁷O even at the low temperature of 40°C, suggesting that the influence of chemical reaction with water in the coal spontaneous exothermic phenomenon is significant.

To observe oxygen functional groups generated during oxidation reaction by water (H₂¹⁷O), coal was treated at 40–80 degree C under ¹⁶O₂ atmosphere. Solid state ¹⁷O MAS NMR spectra of the heated coal were acquired by using Oldfield Echo pulse sequence. Since the ¹⁷O MAS NMR spectrum acquired by Single Pulse sequence suffered from distortion caused by ringing phenomenon, the Oldfield Echo pulse sequence was used to eliminate the spectral distortion. As a result, two kinds of oxygen functional groups generated in coal oxidized by water were observed. Furthermore, these areas of ¹⁷O NMR spectra became large as oxidation temperature was high, indicating that the amount of oxygen functional groups increased with an increase of oxidation temperature.

A poly-generation system with CO₂ capture and O₂/CO₂/H₂O blown gasifier using various fuels such as coal, waste plastic and biomass has been developed. There is concern that the gasification of waste plastics will produce more tar and soot, which can cause equipment problems, than the conventional coal gasification. In this study, the formation behavior of tar and soot derived from plastics in a gasification atmosphere was investigated by elementary reaction analysis using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism. As a result, the calculated concentration of the major gas compositions and soot yield values agreed with the experimental ones. The results of the reaction pathway analysis also revealed the mechanism of PAH formation

The distribution, the morphology, and the composition of mineral matter within coal were investigated. Samples have been imaged using 3D microfocus X-ray CT (μCT) system. A series of two-dimensional images of the elements constituting the mineral substance in the depth direction was also studied using LA-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation High Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). Observing a good correlation between two methods we found that LA-ICP-MS , as well as μCT , could be used for imaging minerals within coal.

The use of biomass is being considered as a means to achieve carbon neutrality, but little progress has been made in the use of marine biomass. One of the reasons is the high ash content. In this presentation, we report on the analysis results of organic and inorganic components of two large seaweeds, Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame) and luminaria (Kombu), using solid-state NMR and other analytical techniques in order to investigate the chemical form of ash components.

As a new sustainable material resource, marine biomass (MB) is recently gathering attentions due to its high growing rate. Abundant hetero-elements contained in MB, however, would strongly influence on the pyrolytic behavior and thus physicochemical properties of the MB-based carbon materials (MBC). This study systematically investigated the pyrolysis characteristics and the facile hetero-elements removal method of MBC.

Ethanol is one of renewable biomass and its dry-reforming using CO₂ to produce CO and H₂ is an attractive process for recycling society pointing to zero-emission. In the present study, composite catalysts composed of major active metal Cu, CeO₂ with high ability to transfer oxygen, ZrO₂ with structural stability were prepared by the sol-gel method to investigate the dry reforming of ethanol. 10Cu45Ce45Zr, 10Cu67.5Ce22.5Zr and 10Cu22.5Ce67.5Zr include 10 wt% of Cu and the weight ratio of CeO₂ and ZrO₂ was changed in the range from 22.5 to 67.5 wt%. Three catalysts exhibited the conversion of ethanol and CO₂ and dry-reforming proceeded at 675°C and 700°C. 10Cu45Ce45Zr exhibited the higher yields of CO and H₂. It was shown that in TG-DTA measurement of used catalysts, the carbon content in 10Cu45Ce45Zr was lower than those of other two catalysts, indicating that coke formation was inhibited by the catalyst. TEM image shows the formation of carbon nanotube which would bring about the higher temperature to burn coke.

Lignin, as an important part of lignocellulosic biomass, should give more attention to promote the utilization of biomass. Being a polymer composed of phenylpropane units, lignin is regarded as a promising candidate for obtaining olefins and aromatic compounds. Herein, thermo-catalytic hydrogenation was used as a pretreatment process of lignin, after that more olefins and aromatics were obtained from the solid hydrogenated lignin via fast pyrolysis. This two-stage valorization process was techno-economically evaluated by Aspen plus and compared with the conventional fast pyrolysis process of lignin. Process simulation based on the experiment data suggested the significant economic benefit of this strategy to convert lignin into valuable chemicals, like olefins, aromatics, and phenolics.

In woody biomass or waste to energy plants, high temperature corrosion of boiler tubes, such as active oxidation which is caused by alkali chlorides has become a serious problem. In this study, the active oxidation of metal specimens in a chloride environment was evaluated with Thermogravimetry - Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) to elucidate the mechanisms and establish the highly practical solutions for the corrosion. As a result, the active oxidation had a dependency of the metal composition, and there was a correlation between increments of metal specimens with TG isothermal tests and decrements with immersion corrosion tests.

Some ash particles in municipal and industrial waste adhere to heat exchanger tube surfaces, which causes problems such as heat-transfer inhibition, high temperature corrosion and low utilization in Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants. The objective of this study is to develop new surface treatment materials and techniques which can decrease the ash deposition and the corrosion. In particular, mass loss with high-temperature corrosion test and ash adhesion force were measured to provide further understanding of ash deposition mechanisms for various metal surfaces in WtE plants.