Tourism is a social phenomenon which spread around the world with the advance of technologies and institutions in the modern times, especially in the late 20th century. While there are diverse forms and types of tourism and tourist destinations, this article focuses upon so-called “paradise” touristic sites which developed and diffused throughout the world along with, and based on, the stereotyped images and representations of Paradise on Earth, for example the beautiful blue ocean and sky, white clean sand, coral reef, tropical fish and flowers, the gentle inhabitants, their traditional simple cultures, and so on. Though we now find many “paradise” resort sites constructed and under construction, especially in the island areas of tropical and subtropical zone, there are few previous studies that get on the subject of “paradise” tourism itself. Thus this article is devoted to describe some basic points that “paradise” touristic sites generally have as a preliminary theoretical research for the following ethnographic case studies. To synthesize various scientific knowledge including anthropology, sociology, nissology, and post-colonial theory, “paradise” touristic sites have several structural features such as; (1) because they sell the collage made of homogeneous “paradise” imaginations that correspond to what Baudrillard called simulacre, it is difficult to differentiate items for sale of their own sites each other, (2) the small islands where “paradise” resorts were constructed are vulnerable from ecological and geo-political points of view, (3) so it is obvious that promoting business at “paradise” touristic sites is intrinsically risky, above all for small-scale entrepreneurs who engage at the small-scale touristic site, (4) some major “paradise” touristic sites share a commonality of so-called touristic domination that is directly or metaphorically associated with colonial rule. “Paradise” touristic sites are products of the modernity, and it is important to critically understand the structure of “paradise” touristic sites and tourism that are deeply folded in the Occidental centrism.

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Tsushima is presently known as the “island of Japan-Korea exchange”, and this image has been recently spread by the media and researchers. The image is not based on the all historical facts, it is the result of the spread of images of “exchange and a friendly relationship” that the “Procession of the Joseon Delegation” symbolize. The local residents have become reluctant to mention the history that does not correspond to those images. This paper focuses on “irregular-trading (hensoku-boueki)”, an aspect of the “unmentioned history”. The irregular-trading that took place at the Izuhara port, the central city of Tsushima, is the history of “exchange” with the Korean people in the 1950’s and 1960’s. There appeared to be no previous studies on this topic, so this writer investigated irregular-trading based on field-research and references, including statistics, from the perspective of cultural anthropology and folk-studies. Through the analysis of irregular-trading itself and the narrative of the residents, the existence of a binary oppositional consciousness between Japan(ese) and Korea(n) has emerged against the background of the policing power of each nations.

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Capsicum pubescens originated in mid-elevation Bolivia and is still primarily cultivated in South and Central America, although its cultivation was recently confirmed in highlands on the island of Java, Indonesia. However, its distribution and local cultivation practices elsewhere in Indonesia are unknown. To address this, we conducted field and market surveys of C. pubescens on the islands of Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi and confirmed its distribution in the highlands of West Sumatra and South Sulawesi provinces. It seems that C. pubescens was introduced to West Sumatra Province at least 50-80 years ago. Moreover, in the province of Central Java, we found a new phenotype of C. pubescens characterized by a yellow fruit. The white flower type of C. pubescens was only observed in West and Central Java. There was no evidence of C. pubescens in North Sumatra and North Sulawesi provinces, despite the highlands being seemingly suitable for its growth. Fields of C. pubescens were numerous and large in West and Central Java provinces, while it was cultivated in middle- and small-scale farms or in home gardens in East Java, West Sumatra, and South Sulawesi provinces. Cultivation methods did not differ greatly between large and small farming operations, except in terms of fertilization, fruit harvesting, and pesticide application. We believe that C. pubescens was first introduced to Indonesia in West Java, which remains the center of its cultivation and diversity.

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Argentine forces invaded and attacked on the Falkland Islands in 1982, which the United Kingdom maintained the sovereignty over. Falklands War terminated with one-sided fight of the United Kingdom, and Argentina expected a pacific solution afterwards. 30 years passed after the British forces recaptured there. Each intention around the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) is showing changes little by little. Argentina continues diplomatic effort not to depend on the armaments after Falklands War and sends the negotiations resumption for the pacific solution with the United Kingdom over the world. In contrast, the United Kingdom starts to reinforce defense on the Falkland Islands. Why is the strain between two countries with the military activity increase again? This article shows the strategic significance of Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) from historic process based on the geographical aspect, and arranges the policy of the two countries for the island after Falklands War diachronically. The question will be clarified from the influence on each other’s diplomatic relations and security policy. Finally outside factors which take on the bilateral relation can be suggested in the future.

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