Barrow Island of Western Australia has been considered to be targeted for natural protection since 1908. After World War II, the nature of Barrow Island has been changed by human activity. In 1952, exploration of the seabed development was admitted to the West Australian Petroleum Pty Ltd and the geological survey started about two years later. It is 1964 that crude oil was discovered. As the effect of British nuclear tests, landing on Barrow Island was limited to an investigation into wildlife. Australian Government prohibited anyone to develop the seabed of Great Barrier Reef and gave priority to marine environmental protection. The exploitation of resources in the peripheral sea area of Barrow Island becomes active in contrast, but Australian Government does not accept the development blindly. In February 2003, the Government ordered Gorgon Joint Venture to submit detailed data about the biological diversity of Barrow Island. Government of Western Australia examined whether the oil facilities would meet environmental standard ahead of Gorgon Project. In Barrow Island, environmental protection has changed into environmental conservation. In December 2004, Western Australia appointed Montebello/Barrow Islands Marine Conservation Reserves and settled on Management Plan No. 55 in April 2007. In addition, the land of Barrow Island is managed based on Barrow group nature reserves management plan 82. However, artificial activity may gush out for concern to environmental pollution and durability to the animals/plants, because it may be influence on not only islands land but also the ocean around it if human activity becomes superabundant. Therefore it is concerned how natural environments of the isolated islands are protected, while the mining of seabed resources becomes active. Paying attention to the marine environment surrounded isolated islands, this paper discusses the policy about the environment conservation which islands and the peripheral sea area are unified taking up the case of Barrow Island. This research clarified the problem to support the harmony of ecosystem and environment in Barrow Island. Primarily natural reproduction should be demanded different approach unlike original protected areas. Because it must be included interactions among land/marine environment and all organisms living in isolated island ecosystems. Second conservation of non-designated area in the marine management area is required. Management plan No. 55 is to be updated after public evaluations, but the rule of Barrow Island ocean management area becomes to be focused while marine resources mining in going on advance. Natural conservation must be harmonized between isolates islands and the peripheral sea.

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Betel nut (Areca catechu L.) is popular for chewing throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Basically, people chew the betel nut with the leaves (and/or inflorescence) of Piper betle L. and lime. Other substances are often added to the above three, in particular spices (e.g., cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, etc.), gambir, and tobacco according to local preferences. However, Kawatoko (2007) reported that people in Taiwan do not add tobacco to the betel nut when chewing. In this study, usage of the betel nut by the indigenous peoples of Taiwan and people in Micronesia near Taiwan was studied to reveal whether they add (or had ever added) tobacco when chewing betel nut. In Banzoku Kanshuu Chousa Houkokusho (1915-22) and Banzoku Chousa Houkokusho (1913-21), which are detailed reports of the indigenous peoples of Taiwan by Japanese anthropologists, there are many records of betel nut usage (including medical and ritual), especially for Amis, Puyuma, Paiwan and Rukai peoples, but chewing betel nut with tobacco was not found. However, a field survey conducted in November 2015, identified that 9 (1 Amis, 6 Paiwan, and 2 Rukai) of the 29 people interviewed had observed some people chewing betel nut with tobacco. This is the first record of this usage from Taiwan, but betel nut chewing with tobacco does not appear popular in Taiwan. By contrast, Hijikata (1992) reported that people in Palau chewed betel nut with tobacco when Japanese occupied the region before World War II. Moreover, a field survey conducted in August 2015, suggested that people in the Yap Islands also seemed to have chewed betel nut with tobacco before the World War II. It is thereby confirmed that the betel nut chewing with tobacco has been continuously popular in this region of Micronesia.

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