Purpose
This study was conducted for the purpose of assessing the validity of having pregnant women monitor their own pregnancies by producing a self-monitoring check sheet relating to self-care during pregnancy.
Methods
Survey 1 : A survey was conducted on 55 pregnant women in which the subjects were asked to describe their experiences and opinions relating to maintaining and promoting health during pregnancy.
Surveys 2 and 3 : A survey was conducted on 31 pregnant women (in week 19 to 38 of pregnancy) for 7 to 8 days in which the subjects were asked to monitor their pregnancies using a check sheet in addition to measuring the amounts of walking and physical activity, recording waking and sleeping times, sleep time and dietary contents (Survey 2). In survey 3, the levels of apprehension and depression were measured before and after monitoring and the subjects were interviewed.
Results
A check sheet (daily maternity check sheet) was produced consisting of the 10 items of sleeping status, fetal movement, abdomen and bleeding, body weight, diet, exercise, daily activities, mood (comfort), maternal image and communication with the fetus, along with a column for allowing subjects to write down any comments they may have. In Surveys 2 and 3, (1) there was a correlation between monitoring of the amount of walking and exercise and monitoring relating to sleep time and sleep status, fetal movement and abdominal distention. (2) The amount of daily activity during the day, abdominal distention and psychological state had an effect on sleeping. (3) Agreement was confirmed between dietary contents, the contents of comments written by the subjects and monitoring. (4) It was possible to objectively make a retrospective assessment of the behavior and emotional state of pregnant women through self-monitoring.
Conclusion
The use of a daily maternity check sheet was confirmed to enable pregnant women to implement objective self-monitoring of their pregnancies with only a minimal burden.

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Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify meaning of repeated in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET).
Method
This study design was an inductive-descriptive study. The subjects of this study were 5 women who intended to undergo infertility treatment 3 times or more, and who had never successfully taken pregnancy to full term, giving birth to a live, healthy child. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews about the women's feelings regarding IVF-ET. Data was analyzed by structural content analysis, and meaning of repeatedly undergoing IVF-ET.
Results
We can classify meaning of IVF-ET for women who repeatedly undergo this treatment into two patterns : “Having emotional confliction when continuing IVF-ET,” and “Having conviction when continuing IVF-ET.” In the first case women had two minds about continuing or not ; in the second case, there was no doubt.
Three cases, which had emotional conflict when continuing IVF-ET connote “transfiguration of their value”. Two cases, which had conviction when continuing IVF-ET connote “a secondary purpose for their medical treatment”.
Conclusion
“Transfiguration of their value” means that women who infertile put their own values spontaneously as most important, by daily point of view not by the medical point of view. “Secondarization of their medical treatment” means that they continue IVF-ET because of their daily point of view, and put their own values foremost which is important to their own life.

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Statement of the Problem
Traditionally, midwives have relied on their intuitive knowledge honed by practical experience and base-line formal education in actively delivering the shoulders of infants, however that knowledge is not evidence-based. Midwives questioned whether or not waiting for the shoulder is superior in outcome to applying perineal pressure during shoulder delivery.
Purpose
To measure perineum pressure of the midwife's hand during waiting for shoulder delivery compared to the perineal pressure during shoulder delivery as taught in the traditional midwifery textbooks.
Method
Of the 63 close to term subjects recruited, 60 met the inclusion criteria and agreed to be in the study. The 21 primiparas and 20 multiparas were expediently allocated into group A or B. This descriptive study used engineering equipment named ‘prescale’ to measure the perineal pressure. In the waiting for shoulders method (group A), the left hand of the midwife only touched the infant's head and the right hand was placed against the perineum, while waiting until shoulder delivered. In the traditional method (group B), the midwife's left hand put pressure on the infant's head, and her right hand was placed against the perineum. Midwives get ‘prescale gloves’ on their bilateral palms and help shoulder delivery, then estimate the pressure on shoulder delivery through the gloves.
Results
The sites of pressure on bilateral palms were different between group A and group B during shoulder delivery. Group B had significantly higher bilateral palm pressure compared to group A. The pressure range of the right hand in group B was from 0.05×10^-2MPa to 3.52×10^-2MPa, especially the tip of forefinger and second finger, the ball of forefinger and little finger were the highest pressure. The left hand was from 0.6×10^-2MPa to 4.29×10^-2MPa. The tip of second finger was the highest pressure of all sites of bilateral palms. In contrast, the pressure range of the right hand in group A was from 0.25×10^-2MPa to 3.05×10^-2MPa, especially the ball of the forefinger, the ball of thumb and little finger were higher than other site. The left hand was from 0.2×10^-2MPa to 2.25×10^-2MPa ; especially thumb was the highest pressure. No significant differences in neonatal outcomes and perineal trauma were observed between the two groups.
Conclusions
The data showed the region of both midwife's hands and the amount of pressure at shoulder delivery. The pressure of both hands in group B was higher than that of group A. These results indicate particularly how to use midwives' hand.

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Purpose
In order to clarify the research trend in the areas of health cares and nursing cares for domestic teenaged pregnant women, we are to review by focusing on the annual transition and the levels of evidences in the documents.
Method
The range of this research is by setting the target for teenaged pregnant women and the teenagers who gave births and were rearing children. The target magazine, Japan Centra Revuo Medicina “Japana Centra Revuo Medicina WEB:” (from January 1990 to March 2004) and Japanese Nursing Association Publication “The research of the latest nursing care” (from 1990 to 2003) was used and researched with the key words of juvenile pregnancy, young primipara, teenager pregnancy and adolescent pregnancy. The method of analysis was to break down the main author's organization and profession, and also analyze the annual transition by the numbers of the documents, the levels separated by the topics of the research and highly evidenced documents that are serving for the nursing cares.
Results
1) As the result of classifying into the evidence levels, there were no studies of RCT in the level I and cohort studies in the level II-1. There were 23 cases of comparative studies and accumulated case studies in the level II-2, but not so many researches were highly evidenced.
2) 60% of the documents were included in the years from 1990 to 1993, and many of them were the reports about the current situations in the evidence level III by the doctors.
3) The number of the documents after 1996 was decreasing but the member of the incident studies focusing on the research about psychological and social aspects and questionnaire surveys are slightly increasing. The researches on this area is gradually developing.
4) In order to increase the highly evidenced researches available for nursing cares in the future, conduct the quantitative studies taking into account about various methods of the studies as well as the qualitative studies considering target's complex social and psychological situations. It is necessary to develop the researches that lead to the solution and to understand the problems from various points of view.
Conclusion
According to this document researches, it became clear that the further studies of are needed that will lead to the solution and the understanding from the multiple aspects.

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[in Japanese]

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