Purpose
The purpose of this study is to clarify the mother's interpretation of the elder child's reac-tion towards his/her one-month-old sibling as well as the mother's understanding of the emotional manifestations of her first child.
Method
The present study included fifteen women who gave birth to a healthy second child after 36 weeks of gestation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the 15 women during a one-month period, beginning at the newborn's one-month check-up and ending at the second month after birth. The data was analyzed qualitatively.
Results
According to the mothers, each child's behavior can be classified into three categories: their reaction to the newborn sibling, their reaction towards their mother and other intimate people, and their reaction towards themselves.
The first category shows three types of speech and behavior that indicate the first child's difficulty in understanding the presence of his/her sibling with patience, interest or concern toward his/her sibling that are accompanied by the feelings of affection and awareness, and jealousy of his/her sibling.
The second category also shows three types of speech and behavior that indicate the first child's uneasiness in regards to parting from his/her mother, desire to draw closer to his/her mother, and to further attract the closely related.
The third category shows one type of speech and behavior that indicates the first child's self-awareness and maturing behavior.
Conclusion
The mothers were making an effort in observing and understanding their children's feelings, speech, and behaviors after the arrival of the newborn. The mothers didn't recognize only one affectionate reaction in their elder child's behavior towards his/her sibling. The mothers also viewed their first-borns' aggressive reactions towards the new baby, their mother, and others close to the child. But the mothers viewed this behavior as natural because they understood their children's age and the situation surrounding the birth of a new sibling
Consequently, the results of the study indicate that when the mother understood the confusion felt by the elder child and their reactions then the elder child would want to depend on his/her mother like before the arrival of the newborn.
It also indicated that if the elder child had security then the child would understand that his/her mother would praise him/her for his/her self-growth and maturity. The mother will also give her child a helping hand when the child wants because the elder child often lends a helping hand to his/her mother. Mother and child have a strong healthy relationship.

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Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a conceptual model of a childbirth education for pregnant women in order to show the effectives of childbirth education.
Method
Firstly, the conceptual model was developed that contained three input factors, two process factors and two outcome factors of the education intervention. The input factors were per-sonal attribute that were the degree of the accepting the natural birth process and labor pain, the positive action toward the labor, and their partners' concern and involvement. The process factors were self-efficacy to cope with labor and the readiness for childbirth. The outcome factors were the sense of control and satisfaction of childbirth, and the sense of self-growth through the pregnancy and childbirth. In order to evaluate the model, two self-administered questionnaires were developed. Participants were 199 pregnant women who were outpatient and gave a vaginal birth to a healthy baby. Two questionnaires were administered; the first one was during the 36 through 41 weeks of the pregnancy, and the second one was 4 through 7 days after the childbirth. Covariance structure analysis was employed in order to understand these factors relationships.
Results
1) Among the three input factors the positive action toward the labor most strongly influenced self-efficacy to cope with labor and the readiness for childbirth (β=.23, p<.001;β=.43, p<.001).
2) A significant positive correlation was found between self-efficacy to cope with labor and the readiness for childbirth (γ=.61, p<.001)
3) The readiness for childbirth infulenced the sense of control and satisfaction of childbirth (β=.28, p<.01) though self-efficacy to cope with labor hardly influenced it (β=.05)
4) The sense of self-growth was most strongly infuenced by the sense of control and satis-faction of childbirth (β=.23, p<.01), and the readiness for childbirth showed an indirect effect through the sense of control and satisfaction of childbirth on the sense of self-growth (β=.13).
5) Squraed multiple correlations of outcome factors showed the sense of control and satis-faction of childbirth as 10%, and the sense of self-growth as 32%.
6) The model showed Goodness of Fit Index (GFI).962, Adjusted goodness of Fit Index (AGFI). 849, Comparative Fit Index (GFI). 935, and Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) 69. 065 that indicated the good enough structure of the model.
Conclusion
These results supported that the conceptual model was theoretically useful in order to measure and show the effctives of childbirth education.

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Purpose
This study is designed to categorize and define medical support, which has been experienced by perinatal women, into positive and negative factors and to weigh the positive against the negative, by using the concepts of the positive support and negative support in social support. And the analysis of this study leads finally to what elements are needed for the medical staffs in order to help their support become positive support.
Method
The subjects of this study are six women who participate in mothers' class organized by the hospital which has consented to cooperating for the research. They do not have the basic disease which would be aggravated by pregnancy complications and pregnancy itself. The date are collected by using semi-structured interviews, which were held at the following three stages; the 32nd week of the pregnancy, 5th day after delivery, and one month after delivery. As raw data are converted into transcribed data, the date are compiled and analyzed inductively and descriptively by the method of content analysis.
Results
As a result of the analysis in the perinatal period, the types of positive supports, which are provided by medical staff, can be categorized into“sympathetic support”, “screening purpose”, “mother-model support”, “offering of a field where a perinatal woman can talk to specialists and group together”. The types of negative supports can be different in each perinatal term as follows: 1) Pregnancy period “medical comments without acknowledging the presence of the client”, “deficiently sympathetic care”; 2) Delivery period-“ one-sided medical act”, “emotionally repressed situation”; 3) Hospitalization period-“impersonalized correspondence”, “intrusive medical justice”, “provision of information hindering voluntary decision”; 4) the period of one month after delivery-“medical comments without acknowledging-the presence of the client”, “lack of sympathy”.
Conclusion
It becomes clear that negative support has occurred even between the perinatal woman and the medical staff. With the analysis of factors in both negative and positive support, it is considered that the achievement of effective support intended by the medical staff are significantly involved with whether support is truly demanded by perinatal people and how medical staffs recognize the influence of their support.

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Purpose
The purpose of this study is to understand and describe the lived experiences of women in the delivery and rearing of a child by looking at the characteristics inherited from the women's genes. Specifically, the focus is to explore the meanings of inherited genotype from parent to child.
Methods
1) Design: The qualitative methodology of phenomenology was selected as the philosophical basis patterned after M. Heidegger's ontology.
2) Co-researchers: The co-researchers in this study are woman who were afflictedwith achondroplasia inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. They volunteered to be co-researchers in this study.
3) Data collection: Data was collected from intensive face to face and audio-taped interviews. Co-researcher was interviewed in a non-structured and intensive manner.
Results
Based on the results of the interpretation, the central meanings of inheriting a genotype from parent to child for co-researcher was determined as follows;
“I will stake my life for my daughter and all little people”
Although she exerted all efforts in her school to do the same activities as the others, she was unable to cope. She started to live her own life after she met a group of disabled persons. She thought it was right for her to be supported by social welfare. Her daughter has the same character. She joined the support group with the support of her parents. She brought up her daughter to be able to live her own life.
There were several meanings of inheriting a genotype from parent to child which formed the central meaning of her experience are the following:
1) Appraising their abilities by individual not by others; 2) Concern in children's life by setting an example with their own life; 3) Coming to terms with the meaning of their existence according to the manner by which they raise their children; 4) Intangibly treasureoriented.
Conclusions
Women who have conge nital disabilities or constitutions found positive meanings in their lives. Their active lifestyle has set a good example for their children and the community.

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The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the intake of BPA leaching out from plastic food and beverage containers by pregnant women and lactational transfer of this industrial compound.
Initial breast milk samples obtained 3 days after birth were collected from 102 lactating women. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the extent of use of plastic food containers and packaging material, such as heat-resistant polycarbonate food containers, as well as the consumption of plastic-bottled water, takeout meals packaged in polycarbonate plastic and canned coffee, by these women when they were pregnant. The BPA level in the first breast milk samples was quantified by ELISA using anti-BPA antibody.
Results Initial breast milk samples could be obtained from all of the 102 subjects. The BPA level in these samples was 3.41 ± 0.13 (mean ± SE) ng/mL. The BPA levels in the breast milk tended to increase as the frequency of use of plastic food containers and packages made with BPA by the subjects when they were pregnant increased.
For safe breastfeeding, we believe that it is important to minimize maternal exposure to BPA throughout life, not only during pregnancy.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of use of electric breast pumps among neonatal nurses and obstetric nurses.
A questionnaire was administered to 1, 000 nurses who joined conferences or seminars held from December 2002 to March 2003. 403 responses (40%) were received. Of those replies 285 were analyzed, excluding students, teachers or administrators, and nurses who had no teaching experience for mothers of high risk neonates about expression of breast milk.
1) The participants were 285 in all and were composed of 157 neonatal nurses (55 %) and 128 obstetric nurses (45 %). 2) Both neonatal nurses and obstetric nurses, (60 % of each group), answered not to recommend electric breast pumps for mothers of high risk neonates. Electric breast pumps were not able to control pressure, or, pressed strongly around the cup. 3.18 % of neonatal nurses and 21 % of obstetric nurses answered that electric breast pumps were not recommended even if they would completely fill the requirements, because of “positive feeling of using hands”, “negative preconception of using mechanics”, and “financial difficulties”.
Through the study results, it was suggested that both neonatal nurses and obstetric nurses should have systematic study opportunities to understand well electric breast pumps in order to provide good advice for mothers of high risk neonates.

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