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Volume 78 (1996)
- Issue 4 Pages 347-
- Issue 3 Pages 225-
- Issue 2 Pages 113-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 78, Issue 3
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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H. TAKIZAWA, K. HAYAMI, J. KUBOTA, Y. TSUKAMOTO1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 225-230
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo investigate the characteristics of water storage in stems, measurements of variations of water potentials and volumetric water contents in the stems were made in four trees; namely, Cryptomeria japonica D. DON and Chamaecyparis obtusa (SIEB. et Zucc.) ENDL. (coniferous woods), and Magnolia salicifolia MAXIM. (diffuse-porous wood), and Quercus serrata MURR. (ring-porous wood). To measure the profiles of volumetric water contents, stem samples from the outermost ring to the pith were taken by increment borers and were cut into small cores in each experiment. To estimate the water potential at the sampling point, the leaf water potential with the branches around the sampling point, that was covered with a black-bag to prevent transpiration, was measured by the pressure chamber method. Results showed that the water contents changed only in the sapwood of C. japonica, C. obtusa, and M. salicifolia. In Q. serrata, the water contents changed in both of the heartwood and the sapwood. The capacitances, that were the ratios of the changes in volumetric water contents to the changes in the water potentials were the same values, 0.2 m3/m3/MPa, in C. japonica, C. obtusa, and M. salicifolia. On the other hand, that of Q. serrata was small, 0.064 m3/m3/MPa.View full abstractDownload PDF (1073K) -
F. TAKEI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 231-237
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA stem analysis of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis GoRD.) sample trees was made to measure the vertical distributions of the annual volume growth and basal area growth along the stems. The curve between the amount of annual volume growth and the stem volume along the bole was nearly linear, and the same result was obtained with the basal area growth. The two regression coefficients, an Lvi for the annual volume growth and an Lgi for the annual basal area growth, were determined. 1) It was considered that these two coefficients represented the vertical distribution of the annual growth along the stem. 2) Using the Lvi and Lgi, it was possible to analyze the annual growth patterns varying mainly with such conditions of the trees as the amounts of biomass, clear lengths, and the ratios of clear lengths and volume production efficiencies of unit foliage biomasses in every growing stage. 3) It was considered that there was the possibility of changes in vertical distribution patterns of annual growth along the stem by siLvicultural practices.View full abstractDownload PDF (1210K) -
F. TAKEI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 238-243
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author obtained the regression coefficient Lvs for the relationship between the accumulated sapwood volume from the tip and the stem volume at each relative height along the stem. With the same method, the author calculated an Lgs for the linear regression between the amount of sapwood basal area and the stem basal area. 1) It was considered that these two coefficients represented the vertical distribution of the sapwood volume or sapwood basal area along the bole ; there was a positive relationship between these two coefficients. 2) There was an inverse relationship between the coefficient Lgs and the heartwood basal area ratio at each relative height. 3) With every growing stage, there was a large positive relationship between Lgs and the volume production efficiency of the unit foliage biomass. 4) There was a large positive relationship between Lgs and Lgi for the annual basal area growth increment, except for large values of Lgi. Therefore, it was considered that there was a good relationship between the vertical distribution of the annual growth increment and the sapwood distribution along the stem.View full abstractDownload PDF (975K) -
T. TAKAHASHI, K. HAIBARA, Y. AIBA1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 244-249
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmounts of A0 horizon, chemical characteristics and characteristics of nitrogen mineralization which influence H+ flux in mineral soil (05 cm depth) were measured in 85-year-old Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa ENDL.) stands mixed with broad-leaved trees and an adjacent broad-leaved stand to study the effects of the mixture of broad-leaved trees on the chemical characteristics of the soil. Five plots were defined with a each different mixture ratio of broad-leaved trees as measured by basal area. The mixture ratio of each plot were 0, 16, 30, 35, and 100%. The amounts of A0 horizon and level of nutrients in the A0 horizon in the mixed stands were greater than those in the 0% plot, but no obvious relationship was found with the mixture ratio. Total C, N concentrations, C/N ratios, and CECs were almost the same in all plots. Nitrogen mineralization was higher in the 35% and 100% plots than in the plots with a lower mixture ratio. The ratio of nitrification to nitrogen mineralized decreased with mixture ratio. It is surmised that the generation of H+ from nitrification in a Japanese cypress stand is decreased in the presence of broad-leaved trees. Exchangeable bases, base saturation, and pH increased, but exchangeable Al decreased with increasing proportions of broad-leaved trees. It was concluded that the changes with increasing mixture ratios were influenced by not only the increase of nutrients supplied from the A0 horizon, but also the decrease of H+ in mineral soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (1027K) -
Y. SUZUKI, K. KANZAKI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 250-256
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe remodelled excavator we propose in the present study has a jointed expansion arm together with a small ground undercarriage at the forward end of the middle section of the arm. This ground undercarriage is designed to rest on the ground to support the middle section and the expansion arm beyond. If the standard base machine's bucket can hold 0.25 m3 of excavated soil and the added expansion arm is 1.5 or 3 m long, the remodelled excavator can have a working radius equal to those of conventional 0.45 or 0.7 m3-class excavators, respectively. Simulating the work of moving a load (0, 1.96, and 3.92 kN) upslope to the excavator along a slope (5 to 35°), we calculated the working stability and the efficiency of the conventional 0.45 m3-class excavator and those of the 0.25 m3-class remodelled excavator. As a result, the stability of the remodelled excavator working on a slope with a gradient of less than 25° proved to be greater than that of the conventional excavator, if the joint between the first and middle sections of the arm is made free of moment. When comparing their working efficiencies in terms of the ratio of the pure workload to the power consumption, the remodelled excavator has a working efficiency which is two to four times that of the conventional excavator.View full abstractDownload PDF (1096K) -
In relation to topographyJ. SU, S. KATAGIRI, N. KANEKO, Y. NAGAYAMA1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 257-265
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of a slash-and-burn treatment on soil nitrogen in a secondary forest were measured at Nita-cho, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. After burning, the amount of NH4-N, only in the soil surface layer (05 cm) increased significantly, and the soil NOx-N in all layers within the upper and lower parts of the bottom, and the lower part of the ridge of the slope were increased significantly. After burning of the forest floor, there were few possibilities, in terms of erosion of nitrogen, on the ridge, but it was considered to be possible for the nitrogen to leach out in the lower part of the bottom. The microbial biomass-N decreased significantly in the surface layer due to the burning. Therefore, the decreases of nitrogen mineralization rates after burning suggest that the fire first decreased the microbial biomass-N and then intensified the process of immobilization of the soil nitrogen. By means of microbial immobilization after burning, it is reasonable to buffer the effects of fire on soil nitrogen. It also was found that fire behavior is very important in affecting soil nitrogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (1491K) -
K. TANAKA, H. TANAKA, A. NAKAMURA, N. OHTE, S KOBASHI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 266-272
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the mechanism of the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and a forest community, CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured over a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stand using the eddy-correlation technique. Net photosynthetic rate at a community level was derived from CO2 flux measured over the canopy and on the floor. According to the PENMAN-MONTEITH equation, canopy conductance was obtained from both H2O flux and aerodynamic resistance computed using momentum flux and wind velocity measured in the direction of the main stream. As a result, it has been confirmed that canopy conductance strongly controls CO2 flux over the canopy, and that it is also dependent on solar radiation. Moreover, CO2 concentration inside the stomata was computed assuming a big-leaf model. From this study, it has been clarified that photosynthetic rates are slow in spite of sufficient stock of CO2 inside the stomata in summer, and that there must be some unknown factors which affect the activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1082K) -
M. SHIBA, A. KUROKI, Y. HARADA, T. ISHIKAWA1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 273-279
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSYarding distances are the key elements in calculating productivity and/or cost of timber harvesting activities. This paper presents a simple technique for obtaining the yarding distances of harvest unit of any shape using a desk-top computer with digitizer. The proposed algorithm, based on the method of numerical integration formulated by LYSONS and MANN, sums the areas and first moment of areas of the aggregated number of small triangle constituting a harvest unit. The algorithm is applied to both the hypothetical and actual harvest unit examples and the results provide the rapid and accurate determination of yarding distance values. In addition, the implications of several distance factors delineating geometric attributes of irregular-shaped harvest areas are examined by means of correlation analysis. The results show that there is strong correlation between the average yarding distance and the longest distance from the landing to the harvest unit boundary.View full abstractDownload PDF (1119K) -
forests with special reference to theinfluence of hinoki bark moth on the disease occurrenceT. KOIWA, M. KUSIJNOKI, S. MIYASHITA, E. HASEGAWA, T. OGURA1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 280-284
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTree damage by resinous disease of hinoki cypress and number of scars caused by hinoki bark moth (Epinotiagranitalis BUTLER) were investigated in two hinoki stands in Ibaraki Prefecture to see if there was any correlation between the occurrence of resinous disease and insect attack. The type of forest adjoining the hinoki stands was found to influence the number of trees affected by resinous disease and also the number of trees with moth damage. The hinoki bark moth is known to inhabit mature sugi forests. In a 35-yearold stand of hinoki, the occurrence of resinous disease was far greater in plots adjoining sugi forests than in plots adjoining broad-leaved tree forests. In a 5-yearold stand of hinoki forest surrounded by 3040yearold sugi forests, the number of scars caused by the hinoki bark moth were greater in peripheral plots near the sugi forests than in the central areas. The results of this study suggested that there is correlation between the occurrence of resinous disease and insect attack in hinoki trees, the insect damage allowing the pathogen causing resinous disease to enter the tree.View full abstractDownload PDF (3934K) -
N. SATO1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 285-292
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDried Shiitake Mushroom is a staple in rutal areas. But we can't catch the actual conditions well by materials for present statistics. In this paper, using the questionnaire of Oita Shiitake Cooperation, I studied the labor structure in terms of the production size and region. As a result, it was obvious that the productivity of Dried Shiitake Mushroom is decreasing rapidly for the labor's ageing and the successor's shortage. 78. 5% of male key workers were over 50 s, and only 7. 3%of the families expected to sustain their production after the present heads' retirements. Strikingly families of the level under 300 kg were ageing. 1/3 of the level under 100 kg were going to stop the production activity in five years. The level above 1, 000 kg had young workers all over the prefecture. But, the level of 3001, 000 kg, especially 300500 kg had regional differences. In this level, Kusu area got the most successors, which was also the highest percentage of compound management. Therefore, the smaller production in compound management as well as the large production in special management should be attached importance in policy for the promotion.View full abstractDownload PDF (1210K) -
Verification of its hybridityA. WATANABE, S. SHIRAISHI, E. KAWASE, T. TODA, T. NASU1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 293-300
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenome compositions of the morphological crosses called Akakuro-matsu (Pinus×densi-thunbergii UYEKI) which were regarded as the hybrids between P. densiflora SIEB. et Zucc. and P. thunbergii PARL. were investigated using DNA molecular markers, and compared with the genome composition of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii. As the result of chloroplast DNA analysis using RFLP, chloroplast genome type separated into P. densiflora type and P. thunbergii type at 1. 8 of resin duct index (RDI). Nuclear DNA analysis using RAPD, revealed that crosses with 1.4-1.8 RDI possessed the genomes of the two species, and they were hybrids between P. densiflora and P. thunbergii. The frequency of hybridization, however, was lower than it has been considered, and it was clarified that most of morphological crosses were P. densiflora. All of these natural hybrids had P. densiflora's chloroplast genome. Since chloroplast DNA is inherited from pollen parent in conifers, the hybrids cause only in the combination of P. thunbergii×P. densiflora. This indicates that the reproductive isolation exists between the two Pinus species which had been considered to be nearly related phylogenetically.View full abstractDownload PDF (4491K) -
J. Y. WU, M. KAJI, K. SUZUKI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 301-308
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn ecological survey of a natural Morrison spruce (Picea morrisonicola HAY.) forest on the Salisen watershed, in the central part of Taiwan, was made. Patterns of major tree species distributions and their characteristic features were described along their altitudinal gradients. Quantitative data on trees were obtained by means of the point-centered quarter method conducted at the altitudinal interval of about 100 m between 2, 400 m and 2, 900 m above sea level. A total of 29 tree species were recorded on 24 investigated stands in the study area. Morrison spruce and Taiwan hemlock (Tsuga chinensis PRITZ. ex DIELS.) were the most widespread dominants of the canopy throughout all stands. At low elevational ranges from 2, 400 m to 2, 500 m, a mixed forest commonly was found dominated by conifers (mostly of Formosan red cypress, Chamaecyparis formosensis MATSUM.), evergreen broadleaved species (Neolitsea acuminatissima KANEH. et SASAK., Trochodendron aralioides SIEB. et ZUCC., Daphniphyllum himalaence MUELL.-ARG. subsp. macropodum HUANG) and deciduous broadleaved species such as Acer rubescens HAY., Alnus formosana MAK., and so forth. On the other hand, the forests ranging between 2, 6002, 900 m were dominated thoroughly by Morrison spruce and Taiwan hemlock, as cooltemperate coniferous forests. From comparisions of the elevational distributions of major tree species with those in other mountainous cool-temperate regions of east Asia, the remarkable uniqueness of the Morrison spruce forest and its importance is discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1532K) -
T. SATO1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 309-313
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSingle nodal segments and shoot tips from young trees of Davidia involucrata BAILL. were used to establish initial cultures. For bud break, the best results were obtained on Broad-leaved woody plant medium (BW) with 3.16μM of BAP (N6-benzyl-aminopurine) and 0.316 μM of NAA (α-naphthylacetic acid). Multiple shoots in subcultures were proliferated on BW medium with 5.62 μm of BAP and 0.316 μM of NAA. The longer shoots for rooting stock were obtained after seventh subculture. Isolated shoots were rooted by culturing them on half-strength BW medium containing 0.1 or 0.5%of activated charcoal, 3.16 or 10.0 μm of IBA (β-indolebutyric acid) and 1.0 μm of NAA. The rooting percentages were from 85.0 to 100.0%. The plantlets could be hardened and transplanted to pots.View full abstractDownload PDF (5342K) -
Effect of reducing the working burdenY. YAMADA, T. AOI, K. MINATO, T. YOSHIMURA, T. OWARI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 314-318
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to make clear the effect of using a forestry-monorail on reducing the working burden, we performed a comparative experiment on using the monorail and walking for access to a working spot in the experimental forest in Wakayama of Hokkaido University. From the results of physiological analysis on the pulmonary and cardiovascular function, while relative metabolic rates (RMR) of using the monorail were under two levels as light works, those of walking upward were four to six levels as medium and heavy works, and those of walking downward were two to five levels as light and medium works. The rating of percieved exertion (RPE) of using the monorail was estimated "very easy, " that of walking downward was "easy" to "a little hard, " and walking upward was "a little hard" to "hard." The muscular burden of thigh parts was very heavy during both walking upward and downward. Especially, the quadratus femoris muscle received a remarkable burden during walking downward. Thus, it became clear that using the monorail reduced the work load and the fatigue of legs.View full abstractDownload PDF (943K) -
Y. ZHENG1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 319-326
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn integrated management planning system is developed for a large scale forest land use allocation and multiple-use management of regional forests, based on the results of forest functions evaluation. Two models are included in this system : one is an integer linear programming formulation that optimizes the spatial layout of a forest land use allocation for providing timber, soil and water conservation, environment protection, and recreation ground, and the other is a multiple objective programming formulation that maximizes the outputs for a forest region, and minimizes the inputs, over planning period. The results obtained lead to a valid land use assignment and effective planning, based on a geographic information system (GIS) for the whole forest region. The system was applied to the Tokyo University forest in Chiba. The results demonstrated that this system is a very efficient tool for making multiple-use management plan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1279K) -
A case study of Siuslaw National Forest in OregonI. OTA1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 327-334
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSiuslaw National Forest in western Oregon is located in the middle of highly productive Douglas-fir region. Custodial timberland management of the Forest had changed into timber production dominant management after the World War II, but the production shrunk rapidly in recent years by Spotted Owl related issues. This study aims to clarify the historic change of timberland management of Siuslaw NF and to analyze the process of timber production. Lastly, current problems under ecosystem management and Clinton's New Forest Plan in Siuslaw NF is discussed as a typical case of changing National Forest System in US. By facilitating the health of forest ecosystem, timber production should be regulated strictly, and in consequence, budget and number of employees should be cut drastically. The Forest is trying to expand recreational and educational activities for creating new relationship between human and forest under such circumstances.View full abstractDownload PDF (1550K) -
Y. YURUGI, H. NAGATA, T. AKAI1996 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 335-336
Published: August 16, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: May 16, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (276K)
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