The present study examined the relationship between marital love and marital depression in a longitudinal study. Three hundred twenty-five (325) married couples participated in mail questionnaire surveys. Partners independently gave answers to questions regarding marital love and marital depression at two points in time. Results showed that the weaker the love between them, the more depressed each partner was, and the wife's love toward husband at Time 1 was associated with marital depression of the two at Time 2. Also, husband-wife relationships were classified into four categories: love each other, wife loves more, husband loves more, and little love, and the levels of marital depression examined. Results indicated that how much the wife loved her husband had an influence on the level of marital depression of the two. Implications of the present study were discussed from the viewpoint of husband and wife roles in the marital life.

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The purpose of this research was to confirm the big five structure in Japanese language through the lexical approach. Psychometric conditions were inferred as follows : the familiarity and frequency of the words must be high and rating variance must be large. Basic trait words were selected from the Murakami (2002) list, with a criterion of no more than 13% crossing out rate, and synonyms and antonyms identified and dropped, which resulted in 554 words. They were rated by 370 university students, 150 men and 220 women. Three hundred seventeen words with high variance were selected, and with SMCs as the diagonal elements, factor analysis was performed, extracting 30 factors. The scree method suggested five factors, and orthomax rotation was applied. As a result, the big five structure emerged. In subsequent analyses, 20 highest loading words were selected for each factor, and the 100 words in total were reanalyzed, again confirming the big five structure. Principal factor analysis with oblimin rotation, applied to each set of 20 words, found activity, seclusive and restraint factors for extroversion; envy, anger and selfishness for agreeableness ; kindness, tenacity and orderliness for conscientiousness ; activity and optimism for neuroticism ; and timidity, foolishness and weak-will for intelligence. A possibility was suggested that the big five in Japanese language were somewhat different from those in English.

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The purpose of this study was to develop scales of two contrasting needs for self-presentation outcomes. Sugawara (1986) proposed two motivational states : praise seeking and rejection avoidance. We hypothesized two independent behavioral goals of creating particular impressions on others under the motivational states. In Study 1, with factor analysis, we developed two new scales, which independently measured the strength of praise seeking and rejection avoidance needs. In order to examine validity of the scales, emotional reactions of undergraduates in hypothetical interpersonal situations were investigated in Study 2. When responses of others were negative, rejection avoiders (those high on the scale) felt embarrassment ("haji"), while praise seekers felt anger. Also, rejection avoiders felt awkward ("tere") when faced with favorable evaluation by others, whereas praise seekers felt satisfaction. The findings suggested that the concepts of praise seeking and rejection avoidance would provide us with useful insight into understanding of social maladjustment.

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The purpose of the present study was to identify the situations that elicit the feeling of "leaking internal information" in normal university students, and describe them. In Study 1, we asked them to indicate the frequency of self-leakage feelings and describe the experiences in an open-ended response. Of the fifteen situations that were listed, nine were shown to be rather prevalent ; more than 50% of respondents said that they had had such an experience. In Study 2, exploratory factor analysis extracted nine factors ; affection toward opposite, heart-to-heart, praised, empathic, feeling dirty, blushing, seen through, pretending calm, and awkward toward partner situations. Furthermore, these situations were characterized in terms of three aspects : the content-What leaks out ; the outcome-What will happen if it leaks out ; and the partner-What kind of person it leaks to. Finally, we redefined the feeling of self-leakage as "the experience of feeling that one's own internal information is leaking to others, although nothing much is said, and negative outcomes due to the leakage are anticipated."

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A study was conducted to examine whether accessibility of self traits in terms of approach or avoidance influenced automatic attentional biases to the trait words. Experiment 1, with 27 participants, examined the relationship of trait accessibility and automatic attentional biases using emotional Stroop test. Accessibility was measured as reaction time for an evaluation task. Results revealed that high-accessibility words showed stronger attentional biases than medium ones, but low-accessibility words also showed similar attentional biases as the high. In light of past studies, this result was interpreted as indicating that words defined as low in accessibility indeed had self implications. Experiment 2, with 24 participants, examined self-descriptiveness of the low-accessibility words. Two experiments together suggested that automatic attentional biases to trait words were determined, not only by their accessibility, but also the self-descriptiveness of the traits in relation to the rater's actual self.

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