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A 5 Year Repor
Fumitaka Takeshita, Keizo Morimoto, Tsuneo Suetsugu
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
1-7
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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This study consisted of a retrospective clinical observation of 30 patients treated with 40 hydroxyapatite (HA)-alumina blade implants (Sumicikon) from August 1986 through February 1987. Nineteen single-headed implants and 21 double-headed implants were used in the maxilla and mandible as free-end and intermediate abutments for fixed bridgeworks. Two implants of 2 patients were removed, one implant was broken at the neck portion, and 3 implants of 2 patients were bropped from this investigation. Thirty-four implants were in function, but one implant had a remarkably radiolucent area at the shoulder section. In addition to this, one shallow-inserted implant that showed no radiographic change as compared with 5 years ago. Five year clinical results of this implant are good with 89% success and 92% survival rates.
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Nobuhito Gionhaku, Yoshihiko Moriya, Yoshihiro Yagiu, Noriyuki Tani, M ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
8-17
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Many reports have been documented that the long-term and wrong use of denture adhesive or denture home reliner brought heavy troubles on basal tissue under denture. But the use of these materials is worldwide and dentists have to permit its use on occation of denture wearer's health reasons. On that occation, the directions and term are most important factor to prevent the obstraction of basal tissue.
This report described various clinical investigations about denture home reliner which has cushioned working and similar basal outline with complete denture. The 21 questionnaire from denture patients and the judgement on reliner surface by dentist were investigated for 4 weeks after the reliner had been seated. In addition, the outbreak of inflammation on oral mucous membrane was also examined.
As a result, cushioned home reliner in this report did not show any injured effects on oral circumstances. But, the valid period for use was 2 weeks if did not renew, and it was necessary to show how to clean the reliner surface.
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Part 1. Muscle Activities and Mandibular Position
Yoshinobu Maeda, Isao Emura, Akio Ikehara, Masatoshi Okada, Sadami Tsu ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
18-25
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Mouth guards or mouth pieces have been considered to be effective for preventing traumatic injury in the maxillofacial region. Influence of wearing these appliances on the stomatognathic system, however, have been little investigated. In this study, four volunteer adults were asked to wear two types of resilient mouth guard and one hard type maxillary full arch bite plane, to examine their influence on muscle activities (masseter and tempolaris) and maxillo-mandibular relation during maximum voluntary clenching.
The following results were obtained.
1. Wearing a resilient mouth guard caused an increase in masseter activities while a hard one caused a decrease in the temporal muscle in general, though a great deal of individual difference was observed.
2. Significant difference in mandibular positional change was not found between the two types of mouth guards with different resilience.
3. Close relation between muscle activities and changes in mandibular position, which could be explained by the static equilibrium system, was observed.
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Yuzuru Furuki
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
26-40
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Upper second premolar and first and second molars were splinted without any changes of occlusal tooth contacts and interdental proximal contact relations. Each of 4 subjects was instructed to clench, bite 4 or 8 articulating papers and masticate a piece of pretzel. The displacement of upper second premolar and first molar was recorded on a horizontal plane at the same point before and after splinting.
As a result, the amount of displacements of upper second premolars of the 4 subjects was changed -25-+27μm in length and -22-+8° in angle by splinting. That of first molars was changed 1-29μm in length and -10-+31° in angle. These changes, however, were not remarkable compared with the range of physiological tooth displacement. Thus, splinting of approximately three teeth does not disturb periodontium.
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Part 9. Mandibular Edentulous Simulation Model
Naoyuki Tsukakoshi, Shunichi Kurosaki, Yoshihiko Moriya, Masahiro Yama ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
41-49
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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A considerable amount of research on construction of the complete denture has been reported, using a simulation model as the edentulous alveolar ridge.
The simulation model requires approximation to the edentulous alveolar ridge in its morphology and characteristic. Especially, the soft tissue as an impression objective can be displaced under pressure so that the impression method influences contour variations of the master cast. Therefore, pressure-displaceability is an important property.
In this study, the authors attempted to develop the simulation model as the mandibular edentulous alveolar ridge and examined its efficiency.
The simulation model approximates the mandibular edentulous alveolar ridge in its morphology.
The model approximates the pressure-displacement at the alveolar ridge, retromolar pad and lining mucosa. In the process of making an impression, the model and any impression material is perfectly separated without damage to the fine surfaces of the contacting parts and it never causes the electric leak during the study on the bearing stress of the basal seat under the denture.
From the above results, the reliability of the model could be utilized as the mandibular edentulous alveolar ridge in order to study the impression method and the bearing stress on the basal seat under the denture.
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I-2. New Measuring System
Yasunobu Orii, Masatoshi Shimizu, Yoshihiko Moriya, Naoyuki Tsukakoshi ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
50-60
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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In conservation of the basal seat under dentures, it is important to know the intensity and distribution of pressures on alveolar mucosa and alveolar bone.
We made a new sensor for measuring stress-bearing under dentures applied with polyvinylidene fluoride film (PVDF).
Additionally, we made the new simulation model that supposes plastic deformation of underlying mucosa after denture wearing which has an alveolar mucosa fitting for denture base (measuring model).
And we developed a new measuring system that applied the sensor and measuring model. We investigated whether this new system was effective for measuring stress bearing under dentures or not.
The results were as follows:
The sensor obtained more than 0.99 correlation coefficient between load and output voltage. Even if this sensor was set on the denture base, it was almost unaffected by stress.
These results indicated that this sensor is useful for measuring stress bearing under the dentures.
It proved that the measuring model approximated the edentulous alveolar ridge in its morphology and characteristic and was useful for measuring stress-bearing under dentures.
Actually, we measured stress-bearing by using a vertical dynamic load. As the result of measurment, we confirmed the effectiveness of the new measuring system.
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Yasuo Unezaki, Takanori Eto, Hiroshi Inoue, Kazuhiko Minamigawa, Fumih ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
61-66
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
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A hardened cement was obtained by kneading an equimolar powder of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate with 40%(w/w) citric acid solution.
Setting time, compressive strength, solubility and disintegration of the cement were measured at a P/L (powder to liquid ratio) =2.0(g/m
l) by the methods specified by JIS T-6602.
PH change of its paste was measured by measuring surface pH of the paste dissolved in phosphate buffer solution. The composition of the hardened cement was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) of powder.
Following results were obtained;
Setting time was about 2′45″. Compressive strength was about 60.95MPa and after autoclaving, it dropped to 32.12MPa. Solubility and disintegration was about 1.51%. The pH value of the paste was increased from 4.61 to 7.00 with the elapse of time. The results of XRD showed that the main reaction products were hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate.
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Yuhji Kokubo, Toshiei Kobayashi, Keiichi Iwanami, Naruo Tachibana, Yuh ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
67-74
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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In order to have general information on fixed partial dentures, 159 fixed bridges in 100 patients, who visited first the Dental Clinic of Tsurumi University, were examined regarding the retainers, pontics, length of service and causes of failures. In addition, the findings were compared with those of the previous report in 1979.
The following results were obtained:
1. Band crowns decreased drastically in 12 years, from 65% to 10%. On the contrary, full cast crowns and porcelain fused to metal crowns increased from 19% to 51% and from 3% to 21% respectively.
2. The gingival surface of the pontic consists of metal in 68% of all bridges, although consisting of resin in 68% in 1979.
3. The saddle type pontic decreased remarkably from 71% to 34% and the sanitary ridge-lap type pontic increased from 6% to 43%.
4. The total of fixed partial dentures for one missing tooth (78%) and for two missing teeth (18%) amounted to 96%, while 87% in 1979.
5. Tearing and breakage of resin and porcelain facing showed the highest frequency of all failures and the occlusal perforation of metal followed.
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Tetsurou Torisu
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
75-85
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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The effects of tonic labyrinth reflex and the leg muscle activities on the muscle activities in the neck, shoulder and back regions were studied in 13 healthy subjects loaded isometric retrusive jaw exercises.
1. There was no significant postural difference in the jaw force (P>0.5).
2. Mean muscle active potentials (MMAPs) in SCM, Tra (Nu) and Tra (B) depended on postures and/or jaw exercise (P>0.05).
1) MMAPs in SCM (inf) before jaw exercise were higher at the -90° position (P>0.05).
2) MMAPs increased during the exercise, and made the postural effects clear.
3) MMAPs decreased after the exercise, but higher activities than that before it remained.
The effects of the exercise revealed themselves remarkably in SCM (inf).
3. MMAPs in the limb muscles hardly depended on postures, except for Bi-Fem and Soleus at the 180° position.
4. It is suggested that muscle activities in the neck, shoulder and back regions before, during and after jaw exercises depend on postures changing the response of the vestibular system, and that posture is one of the factors which induces or increases discomfort in the neck, shoulder and back regions of the patients with occlusal disease.
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Atsuo Nakashima
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
86-97
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Self-curing acrylic resins for pattern have been recently developed and applied in clinics. However, the inadequate dimensional stability caused by curing shrinkage has been reported concerning the various applications of resins for pattern.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of residual monomer, production temperature of pattern, water absorption, thermal expansion and pattern shape on dimensional change after polymerization of resin. Three commercial acrylic resins, in which the amount of residual monomer of set materials was markedly different were used. And three cylindrical specimens of different diameter and full crown shaped specimen were prepared.
According to the increase of the surface area per unit mass of pattern, the amount of residual monomer and linear shrinkage increased. And when the production temperature of pattern was high, the linear shrinkage after setting time decreased. The absorbed water increased with elapsed time and all patterns showed expansion when water was absorbed. The heat-treated pattern expanded proportionaly. And the coefficient of thermal expansion of resin for pattern was less than that of wax.
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Takeshi Suganuma
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
98-106
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Loading on the temporomandibular joint while clenching in several occlusal conditions is important to determine the cause of craniomandibular dysfunction.
In this study, the condylar displacement was measured while clenching in the intercuspal position in two groups and evaluated the loading from this measurement. Group 1 (G1) was twenty subjects with complete dentition and normal occlusion. Group 2 (G2) was seven subjects with a unilateral posterior bridge; the condylar displacement of each subject was measured for the cases with occlusal contact (OC) and those without OC by removal of the bridge. Condylar displacement was measured by lateral transcranial radiographs.
Condylar displacement while clenching in G1 averaged 0.1±0.2mm posteriorly, 0.2±0.2mm superiorly. The directions of condylar displacement varied from anterosuperiorly to posterosuperiorly. The variety of these directions may have a relationship with the portion of morphological change of condylar remodeling.
In the case of G2, the average values of condylar displacement with OC were the same as the displacement in G1. Therefore, it is considered that the bridge does not influence condylar displacement. No significant difference was observed between the subjects with and without unilateral OC in condylar displacement while clenching. This result suggests that the reduction of unilateral OC has little effect on condylar displacement while clenching.
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Analysis of Murine Macrophage Activation Cultured on Glass-ceramic and Titanium
Hiroshi Shimizu, Haruka Kusakari, Akitoshi Suzuki
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
107-115
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Macrophages are recognized to be one of the key cell types involved in inflammation. In this study, the biocompatibility of two dental implant materials, i. e., glass-ceramic (bio-active) and titanium (bio-inert) was investigated by testing the activation of two murine macrophage-like cell lines of G 3 and XC as well as thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. The cells were cultured on the test materials for 48h, and then various biologic parameters of the macrophages, such as acid phosphatase activity (ACP), phagocytic activity and IL-lα production, were analyzed. ACP and phagocytic activity expressed by G 3 and XC cells cultured on glass-ceramic and titanium did not exceed the basal levels, and the activities induced on glass-ceramic were lower than those on titanium. Neither material inhibited the proliferation of the cell lines. The production of IL-lα by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, cultured on glass-ceramic, was less than that on titanium or by control cells. In contrast, the gold-palladium-silver alloy used as the control material predominantly inhibited the proliferation of G 3 and XC cells and reduced their viability. Furthermore, this material markedly increased ACP and IL-la production by peritoneal macrophages with accompanying morphological changes.
We conclude that both of the present implant materials, especially glass-ceramic, produce only weak stimulation of macrophages, suggesting that they would be suitable for dental implantation.
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Fitness of CEREC® Porcelain Laminate Veneers
Takashi Nakamura, Yutaka Tanaka, Hiroyuki Ogawa, Takeshi Akao, Aogu Im ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
116-120
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Recently, the chairside porcelain restorations such as inlay or laminate veneer can be made immediately and set to the patient during the same visit. These restorations are done by dental CAD/CAM CEREC
® system (Siemens AG). In this experiment, the fitness of CEREC
® porcelain veneers was studied.
The experiment was done by investigating the veneer fabricated on the maxillary central incisor. Four groups porcelain veneers (fifteen CEREC
® veneers and five refractory model veneers) were made and set on epoxy models with or without cementation. Two different dual cure resin cements (Clapearl DC, Kuraray Co. or Duo Cement, Vita Zahanfabrik) were used for cementation. The measurements were taken at three points (incisal, central and cervical area) with profile projector V-12 (Nikon Co.).
The mean gaps between CEREC
® veneers and abutment teeth were 41.8-116.6μm without cementation and 61.8-149.2μm with cementation. However, no significant difference was observed between the two resin cements. The mean gaps between refractory model veneers and abutment teeth were 35.3-115μm with cementation. In contrast to refractory model veneers, CEREC
® veneers showed significantly wider gaps in the central area (p<0.01).
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Hidetoshi Hirano, Hiroshi Kobayashi
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
121-129
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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The studies about the relationship between electromyographic (EMG) activities and jaw position were made by many researchers. But there were few practical devices for detecting the jaw position by means of electromyographic activities. In this study a simplified electromyographic horizontal jaw position detector for clinical use was developed. The device gets the EMG signals from four muscles: temporalis and masseter muscles on both sides respectively, by means of the surface electrodes. The output is the position of a spot in a two dimensional plane showing the estimated position of the mandible calculated by the EMG signals in real time. In the plane the vertical axis represents the anterior-posterior position and the horizontal position represents the right-left position of the mandible. For the sake of clinical use, it was made by analog devices and in a small size. The response appears in real time, so we can estimate the position when a patient exhibits a clenching force.
In the basic trial of this device we concluded that this device has sufficient performance for practical use for detecting the horizontal jaw position. Moreover, it has a potential to know the temporal aspects of the muscle activity during masticatory movement.
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As to the Hydroxyapatite Implant
Takashi Sawase
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
130-143
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) induces the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells into the osteoblastic cells
in vivo.
The purpose of this study is to carry out early bone formation and more rigid support of the dental implant after insertion of it with BMP.
In this study, the BMP fraction was extracted from the bovine cortex bone and purified by means of gel filtration. The partially purified BMP was combined with a rough surfaced implant (trial production) and inserted in the dog mandible. After insertion, the effect of BMP was evaluated by removable torque strength, rate of bone contact with implant surface and histomorphometric investigation.
As a result of the application of BMP to dental implants, supporting strength of mandibular bone was advanced and bone formation between bone and implant surface was promoted at 2 weeks after implantation. However at 8 weeks after implantation, the implants with BMP were not different form unapplied groups concerning bone formation.
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Special Reference to Responses of Nerve Fibers to Implantation
Masahito Sawada, Haruka Kusakari, Osamu Sato, Takeyasu Maeda, Yoshiro ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
144-158
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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The present study dealt with tissue reactions and responses of nerve fibers to implantation in dog mandibles by means of immunohistochemistry concerning neurofilament protein (NFP), a representative of neuron-specific proteins. The NFP-immunostaining succeeded in clear demonstration of chronological alternations in patterns of innervation to implantation in decalcified sections.
The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows:
1. At 1 and 2 weeks after implantation, a number of NFP-immunopositive nerve fibers were found in the granulation tissue around the implant materials and remained so until the completion of bone repair associated with implantation. After that, the NFP-positive nerve fibers gradually decreased in number in the pen-implant tissues. Four weeks after the implantation, the distribution and number of nerve fibers were almost identical to those seen in the bone marrow of the edentulous area.
2. After the establishment of functional ankylosis or osseointegration of implant, neither significant changes in the distribution pattern of NFP-positive nerves nor the incidence of regeneration of sensory receptors were recognized around the implant materials, implicating low probability for the formation of the recognition mechanism in pen-implant tissues.
3. In the case of fibro-osseointegration, a number of nerve fibers showing NFP-immunoreactivity penetrated into a thick layer of fibrous connective tissue, indicating a possible formation of a new recognition mechanism.
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Part 1. A New Condylar Reference Point for Analysis of Lateral Mandibular Movements
Miwa Tsukiyama, Kiyoshi Koyano, Yoshihiro Tsukiyama, Mikio Mizuno, Tsu ...
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
159-171
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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We researched the point on kinematic axis which had a minimal range of motion in lateral excursive movements. We called that lateral condylar reference point (LCR point).
We studied the range of motion, the relative position to the arbitrary point and to the morphological center of the condyle of the following 4 points: kinematic axis point, hinge axis point, cross point and LCR point.
1. The range of motion of the LCR point was 0.47mm (anteroposterior), 0.79mm (lateral), 0.74mm (vertical) and 0.90mm (3-D).
It was the smallest among the 4 points.
2. The LCR point was located 1.31mm medial to the morphological center of the condyle.
3. The LCR point was located 3.62mm anteriorly, 24.18mm medially and 4.57mm superiorly to the arbitrary point. Therefore, the LCR point is a suitable analysing point on the condyle in lateral mandibular movements.
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Mei-in Shao, Wataru Kawano
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
172-181
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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This study was made to investigate the effect of food characteristics on masticatory time until swallowing. Using a kinesiograph (Model K6, Myo-tronics Co.), the three-dimensional jaw movement was recorded from the beginning of mastication to the swallowing in 30 (15 male, 15 female) normal subjects and 15 (8 male, 7 female) patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMD). Cheese, kamaboko, takuan, senbei, surume and gumi were used as test food. For each food, the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, fracturability, stickiness and adhesiveness was quantified by a texturometer (Zenken Co.). Multiple regression analysis was applied for investigating the relationship between food texture and masticatory time. And using sensitivity and specificity, a screening test was also made for evaluating the accuracy of the diagnostic method for the masticatory time measurements of each test food.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Cheese, kamaboko, takuan, senbei, surume and gumi showed quantitatively different types of food texture. In both normal subjects and CMD patients, the longest masticatory time was surume, the shortest was cheese.
2. From multiple regression analysis, in both normal subjects and CMD patients, gumminess and volume related to the masticatory time.
3. From results of high sensitivity and specificity, it is clear that 40 sec for large size of surume as the criteria is important for making a clinical examination and diagnosis of CMD patients.
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Junichi Kudo
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
182-191
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Since bioactive glass used in dental implants is known to bond to the jawbone by forming a calcium-phosphate and silica-rich layer on the surface of the glass, the author investigated the biological activities of the bioactive glass having a surface layer which was formed in vitro. The bioactive glass was immersed in a RPMI 1640 medium for 10 days to form this layer, and its formation was confirmed with the aid of an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
Results showed that both the control as well as the calcium-phosphate and silica-rich layered bioactive glass have no toxic effect on L 929 cells. On the other hand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
3H-thymidine uptake by mouse spleen cells were not influenced by the bioactive glass having a calcium-phosphate and silica-rich layer, but was reduced by the intact bioactive glass. Furthermore, the bioactive glass had no effect on LPS-induced interleukin 1α production by human peripheral mononuclear cells, but the intact bioactive glass enhanced the production. These results suggest that the bioactive glass having a calcium-phosphate and silica-rich layer to be bioinert, which is contrary to the intact bioactive glass.
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Yoshiharu Yamamura, Masakazu Kurachi, Hajime Ishigami, Sanae Yamada
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
192-198
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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The present study was designed to analyze the influence of the continuous mastication with the nonhabitual chewing side on mastication movements.
1. The daily increase in the ratio of one side biased chewing on the nonhabitual chewing side was either rapid or gradual.
2. On the habitual chewing side, there were no daily characteristic fluctuations in the 2 variables of area, but other parameters tended to increase. On the other hand, on the nonhabitual chewing side, all parameters tended to decrease daily.
3. As a result of a canonical correlation analysis made between the number of chewing strokes and all parameters on the habitual and the nonhabitual sides, the first canonical correlation coefficient was larger on the nonhabitual side than on the habitual side.
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Masakazu Kurachi, Hisayuki Kuroki, Hajime Ishigami, Sanae Yamada
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
199-208
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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The present study investigated the tolerance of left-right deviations in the arrangement of the upper middle artificial teeth relative to the median line of the face. For this purpose, the alignment of the maxillary incisor relative to the median line of the face was used as a point of reference.
The model photos used for this investigation were prepared by combining 5 photos of both the face and the rows of teeth. In a stimulation series, the center of the row of teeth was displaced either to the left or to the right, and magnitude of this displacement was evaluated by groups of dentists, patients and students, who examined these photos. The results were classified into 5 reaction categories. According to magnitude adaptation level and estimation method, the left-right deviation tolerance was determined by psychological judgement.
The results revealed that the lowest average tolerance of measuring 2.586mm was reported by the group of dentists, followed by values of 3.704mm and 4.204mm, which were reported by patients and students, respectively.
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Koji Kondo
1993 Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages
209-219
Published: February 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2010
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Muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) provides an index of muscular fatigue and muscular disease. The purpose of this study is to estimate MFCV of the masseter muscle in man. MFCV was measured by two different methods: surface multi-electrodes (Method1) and needle multi-electrodes (Method2).
1. MFCV of the masseter muscle measured by Method1 (6.9±1.7m/s) was faster than that measured by Method2 (3.18±0.89m/s). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.01).
2. MFCV of the biceps bracii muscle was estimated as a control. MFCV of the biceps bracii muscle measured by Method1 (3.6±0.8m/s) was in accordance that measured by Method2 (3.58±1.10m/s).
3. In Method1, MFCV of the masseter muscle was faster than the biceps bracii muscle (p<0.01). To obtain a reliable estimate of MFCV with surface multi-electrodes, it is important to avoid the innervation zone in the measurement procedure. Innervation zones in the masseter muscle are not confined to a narrow band, but scattered over the entire muscle. Therefore, using the surface multi-electrodes, MFCV of the masseter muscle cannot be measured precisely.
4. Using needle multi-electrodes, an accurate measurement of MFCV of the masseter muscle was obtained. The masseter MFCV was similar to those reported on limb muscles.
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