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Article type: Cover
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
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Published: September 21, 2013
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
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Published: September 21, 2013
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Article type: Index
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
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Shin ABE, Yoko ARASHI, Ikuko KIHARA, Aki SHINOHARA, Jun SUDO, Chieko N ...
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
2-3
Published: September 21, 2013
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This study comprises a survey regarding the thoughts of Japanese teachers working in various educational institutions on improving the teaching approach of Japanese pronunciation in class and phonetics in training Japanese teachers. In this study, the relationship between teachers' beliefs (regarding language learning and teaching Japanese pronunciation) and backgrounds will be discussed on the basis of the results of the pilot survey. In conclusion, three patterns of beliefs and four groups of informants were found: Two groups teaching advanced level Japanese and taking pronunciation into consideration and other two groups teaching primary level Japanese, and not taking pronunciation into consideration.
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For Flexible Activity Design According to Each Student
Yoko NAKAI, Takae SUZUKI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
4-5
Published: September 21, 2013
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In this study, we examine advanced Japanese learners' learning processes during report writing and oral presentation activities based on the analysis of teachers' class records and student interviews. We divide the learning processes into two types; (1) leading type and (2) delayed type. Then, we demonstrate how the two types of students used learning strategies in order to complete each task.
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Rizu INOUE
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
6-7
Published: September 21, 2013
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Alliance for Service-Learning in Education Reform defines the Service-Learning (SL) as an education method that offers students guaranteed opportunities of simulating a scene of utilizing their academic skills and knowledge so that they can solve practical problems in local community. This article reports the result of a practice of the SL in an intermediate/advanced class of learning Japanese in a Japanese language school in Tokyo. I present an overview of the program and summarize the results of students' self-evaluation with a Can-do list and group interviews. I found from the results that many students improved their self-confidence in their speaking skills, especially in expressing their opinions. They also seemed to rediscover themselves in the community by recognizing various values in the society.
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-Focusing on the development process of the teaching material and analysis of role-play discourses-
Sachiko YOSHISATO, Yoko ARASHI, Rieko OBA, Hiromi OYAMA, Tomoko KAI, Y ...
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
8-9
Published: September 21, 2013
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This study develops teaching materials for students of Japanese who live in a local community to adapt to the area. It constructs a methodology of developing these materials to learn the community's language. Specifically, we have created the teaching material for beginners to learn the Kumamoto dialect. Additionally, we are creating the teaching materials for intermediate and advanced students to learn this dialect whereby their speech sounds natural and harmonious to the locals. Before the development of this material, we collected and analyzed role-play discourse data acquired from people of various ages and social status groups to clarify how they communicate in the Kumamoto dialect within the community. In this study, we explain the process of developing these teaching materials and the analysis of role-play discourses in the Kumamoto dialect.
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Hiromi Nishina
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
10-11
Published: September 21, 2013
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During question-and-answer sessions after a presentation, in which the presenter responds to questions from the audience and exchanges opinions with the audience, there are often periods of silence. This article analyzes international students' behavior during periods of silence in their question-and-answer sessions. Results showed that while relatively long periods of silence, which interrupted the conversation, occurred when students searched for slides on their computer, the most frequent periods of silence were less than one second and involved non-verbal communication such as 'making gestures' 'changing one's posture', and 'looking at the audience'. Furthermore, there were periods of silence which indicated a 'pause until the next utterance'.
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-SCAT Analysis of Semi-structural Interviews Given to Japanese Co-workers in Learners' Working Place-
Kazumi MATSUI, Tamiko ITABASHI, Sachiko YOSHISATO
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
12-13
Published: September 21, 2013
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Japanese language learners are performing various activities in local society. This research aims to find what is required if learners are to perform their activities without conflict. Semi-structured interviews with learners' Japanese coworkers were conducted and the data was analyzed using SCAT. The results show that the required Japanese language ability depends on the activity. Results also show that the adaptability to the culture that the relevant organizations expect, and considerations shown to other people, were highly valued regardless of the type of organization. Moreover, workplace acceptance by Japanese co-workers results in increased appreciation for learners' cultures.
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Satsuki FUJIURA, Yuka NAKAGAWA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
14-15
Published: September 21, 2013
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It is well known that many international students have difficulty in writing academic reports at Japanese universities. Until now, most textbooks focused on grammar and expressions at the sentence level. According to research using questionnaires for 108 international students, only 30 percent of students have practiced writing a full-length report, from the introduction to the conclusion, although 80 percent of students were given essay assignments in the first term. In order to increase academic writing skills for first-year students, we have developed a textbook which focuses on template-based writing exercises, which include: 1) writing an introduction; 2) posing a question; 3) stating a thesis; 4) providing evidence; and 5) stating a conclusion.
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Kaoru MAEHARA, Mariko MASUDA, Yasuto KIKUCHI, Tomoyo FUJITA, Minaho WA ...
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
16-17
Published: September 21, 2013
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Some Kanji compounds are read as - "出(shutsu) + 発(hatsu) ->出発(shuppatsu)", a sound shift from the default sound of each kanji in a morpheme boundary, hi this paper, we investigated how intermediate Kanji area learners interpreted "h/p shift following /N/" (ex.: "先(sen) +発(hatsu) -> 先発 (senpatsu)" . We observed: "/N/+p" is difficult compared to "/Q/+p","and "/N/+k, g, b, h"; assumptions that "h/b" and/or "k/g" sound shifts also occur; "/N/+p" recognized as "/N/+b" in many cases (the opposite is rare). These results suggest a task development for learners.
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Yumi KANAMORI, Mieko SAKAI, Tomoko NAKAMIZO
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
18-19
Published: September 21, 2013
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This report introduces teaching materials to learn collocations of the type which consist of a noun, a particle and a verb. 120 nouns chosen among those of the levels 1 and 2 of the old JLPT are divided into 20 topics. To make a list of collocations for each noun, some verbs with high frequency and variations of use were selected and examples with typical modification are shown. In addition, two kinds of exercise help to check the meaning and the usage of collocations. A blended learning approach using ICT will be developed in the future.
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Miwako OHBA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
20-21
Published: September 21, 2013
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In this study, I examine a class which is part of Japanese teacher training program. It utilized conversational data analysis articles, in order to train the ability to analyze and deal with problems in contact situations. In this class, I first introduced conversational data analysis articles to show conversational phenomenon. Students were required to discuss the phenomenon by examining the transcriptions and to write their opinions on a task sheet. From the opinions of the task sheet, the purpose of the class seemed achieved and the effectiveness of utilizing of conversational data analysis articles was validated.
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Nobuyoshi Asaoka
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
22-23
Published: September 21, 2013
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Schmidt (1993) claims the importance of noticing when dealing with mistakes in SLA. But though there are various types of feedback provided by language instructors in the classroom, learners may not always benefit from them (Lyster & Ranta, 1997). Using a convenient iPhone to videotape a short conversation between beginning learners of Japanese and playing it on the spot so that learners can see their own language production more objectively and receive corrective feedback from an instructor, this study examines the effects of the method, analyzing questionnaires conducted at the end of Spring Semester 2013.
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-The case of Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University-
Mariko TAKAO, Yoshiko INOUE, Hiromichi TERAJIMA, Yasumi TOSAKA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
24-25
Published: September 21, 2013
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This paper will investigate learners' preferences towards classroom visitors in visitor sessions. We conducted a paper-based survey of 373 international students at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University and followed this with a semi-structured interview of 10 survey respondents. Results from the survey indicate differences in their preferences were influenced by a number of factors, but mainly their level of Japanese, nationality, the amount of time that they speak Japanese outside the classroom and their career plans. Four different groupings emerged from the interview results with regard to expectations towards visitors.
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Kinkin AN
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
26-27
Published: September 21, 2013
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This paper focuses on the advanced Chinese learners of Japanese language, specifically on the learning of transitive-intransitive verb pairs, which is based on the research of learners who are either with or without Japanese living experience. The research consists of 30 vocabulary questions concerning about 10 morphemes, and 25 questions that learners could get wrong easily. It concludes which part is the most difficult about the formation of the vocabulary or the understanding of grammar, then we could try to find out methods of learning accordingly.
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Toshiyuki KAWANO
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
28-29
Published: September 21, 2013
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Recently, higher Japanese pronunciation ability has been increasingly in demand. Thus, in this paper, I report on the practice on the teaching of pronunciation in order to erase L1's trace. First, one Korean learner's pronunciation was observed and analyzed. From these observations, feedback and practice, especially regarding metalinguistic awareness, were given. Moreover, the Korean learner was asked to listen and analyze another Korean learner's pronunciation. The results of this report clarified that utilizing self-monitoring, based on the target sound as well as the learner's present pronunciation, is important in acquiring correct strategies of accent rule.
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Akiko FURUKAWA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
30-31
Published: September 21, 2013
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Class management seems to need delicate procedure if the class consists of students with various levels of competence. In these kinds of situations where it is difficult for the teacher to provide a class that is beneficial to all students, there is the danger of the class turning into a kind of "salon", where instead of learning and working towards their own progress, students imply talk among themselves without a specific didactic goal. It is the role of the teacher to create a fun and unrestrained atmosphere, while aiming at the students' progress in their language acquisition.
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- Cases of visitor sessions-
Akiko HONDA, Fumie ISHIMURA, Chikae KOMORI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
32-33
Published: September 21, 2013
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The aim of this research is to find out how the beliefs of Japanese instructors influence classroom activities. The participants are 25 Japanese instructors who belong to the same university language center. The Japanese instructors' beliefs were surveyed toward Japanese language education and visitor sessions with native speakers of Japanese. The results revealed that all instructors admitted the importance of opportunities for interaction with native speakers of Japanese. However, some instructors who have a more strongly established sense of norms reported being more restrictive with activities between learners and native speakers of Japanese, hi this paper, we describe some ways that Japanese instructors' beliefs influence classroom activities.
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-Focusing on Nine Students-
Hitomi Moriyama
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
34-35
Published: September 21, 2013
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This study aims to investigate the ability for spelling Kanji and that for producing Kanji in context. Two types of Kanji tests, with and without context, were conducted on nine Chinese learners of Japanese. Results showed that 43 Kanji words were correctly spelled out when given in isolation, but 28 words of them were not correctly produced when given in context. It was conformed that recognition and spelling of Kanji would be learned at earlier stages, but producing them correctly in context seems to be difficult to acquire.
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Akiko SHIMIZU
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
36-37
Published: September 21, 2013
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Pre-advanced level students are required to be able to speak about a topic in reasonable detail (using multiple sentences) and to interact with native speakers. However, there are not that many chances for them to "talk with native speakers" in daily life. Exchange classes are aimed at giving students an opportunity to speak and to learn through direct language contact. This report has two new findings: one is that non-native students have improved their performance through cooperation with their exchange classmates, the other one is that they learned how to get in contact with native speakers through the class activities.
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Hitoshi NONAKA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
38-39
Published: September 21, 2013
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The object languages of this study are Chinese and Japanese. The purpose of this study is to clarify the criteria for usage of Japanese demonstrative pronouns. To achieve the purpose, I analyze verbal expressions and the situations in which they are uttered. A concept of demonstrative in the field of Chinese language teaching is in the background of this study. First, this study is to clarify the role of demonstrative pronouns in Chinese. Then, also it is to analyze the differences and common with the Chinese demonstrative pronouns and Japanese demonstrative pronouns.
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Yukako UCHIMARU, Eri BANNO, Akemi MORIOKA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
40-41
Published: September 21, 2013
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At Okayama University, along with the research and graduate students enrolled in the Japanese Language classes, there has been a growing number of exchange students. In order to accommodate students with diverse backgrounds, we undertook a drastic curriculum reform despite making yearly adjustments. We began to offer various topic-based elective classes in addition to the integrated classes offered. As a result, students now can take classes that suit their interest and have more choices on the number of classes they take. In this presentation, we will report the process of our needs-analysis, the reform and changes in the new curriculum, and then, discuss further issues based on the post-reform survey.
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Ryoko NAGAI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
42-43
Published: September 21, 2013
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This study develops a new learning material for nurses' Moshiokuri reports using a discourse analysis. A comparative analysis of recorded Moshiokuri in two hospitals and Moshiokuri in textbooks reveals similarities and differences. Both discourses follow the same methods of providing information, such as a caption of each utterance and present a conclusion at first. However, Moshiokuri in textbooks do not include natural expressions required by foreign nurses. This study develops a learning material for Moshiokuri-added natural expressions through a discourse analysis for foreign nurses.
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Noe YAMADA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
44-45
Published: September 21, 2013
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This study is aiming to understand topic development characteristic of non-native speakers who acquired Japanese in natural setting. The data of the study that consists of 12 discourses in contact situation was analyzed qualitatively by topic development flow. Throughout the study, the results were obtained as follows. First, it was recognized that there were two patterns of topic development in the data. 1) Continuance of launching new topics, and 2) Repetitive pattern of same topics. Second, behavior of native speakers who play a role of facilitator was important to construct a smooth communication.
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-Process of learning the plain form-
Ayaka KAWACHI, Mariko MASUDA, Naomi NAKAHARA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
46-47
Published: September 21, 2013
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In Nakahara et al.(2013), we already reported the dynamic aspect of expanding the context of the model conversation through members' cooperative interactions in Japanese language class using recorded data of doing this activity simultaneously on IC recorders. In this study, we added data and analyzed how learners learn the plain forms and their usage through this process, focusing on the use of the plain forms: "-to omou", "-node", "-ndesukedo." We observed the types of grammatical errors and classified the learners' errors based on instructors' corrective feedback and learners' self-correction.
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Hyuma WATANABE, Yoshiko KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
48-49
Published: September 21, 2013
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This paper is about a Japanese simplification system. There is an emerging demand to simplify abstruse Japanese sentences in areas of accident prevention and medical services. Using a "Simple Japanese Replacement List", our system transforms word forms, euphonic changes, and replaces auxiliary verbs and postpositional particles to make sentences conform to Japanese grammar. Multiple replaceable candidates on the list are displayed as a balloon-tooltip. Our research results will soon be made public on the WWW.
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Mayumi WATANABE, Yuji TAWARAYAMA, Tsutomu MAKIHARA, Megumi YUKI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
50-51
Published: September 21, 2013
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There are quite a few children who have not used the bus service in Gunma Prefecture because cars are the main means of transportation. Therefore, we developed experience-based learning material that includes basic knowledge about and a series of actions for using the bus service, and used it in cooperation with a volunteer group that supports children of foreign nationals in learning the Japanese language and subjects. As a result, children learned to ride a bus, while being aware of what they learned. Moreover, the attempt had some secondary effects whereby older children supported younger children, and some children after obtaining their parents' approval, started using the bus service to attend their classes organized by the volunteer group.
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-The practical teaching for upper-leveled students-
Yuki MURAMATSU
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
52-53
Published: September 21, 2013
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Today, people in a number of countries are motivated to learn Japanese as a foreign language by meeting animes or mangas. The lesson with animes have become more popular around the world. In fact, I have also attempted to utilize animes in my class as one of the tools. As many students I met, however, I have come to realize that the students had more needs in class and am willing to find a satisfied teaching method using animes. Therefore, I considered what materials I can use from animes to teach, and attempted the practical teaching at Japanese language school.
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Yukari Saiki
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
54-55
Published: September 21, 2013
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What can teachers do to encourage learners to speak and interact in Japanese during beginner's classes? Learners were asked to make stories using the pictures from Minna no Nihongo and pictures those were made by learners. Learners not only used vocabularies and expressions from the textbook but also used incidental vocabularies and expressions. Also they interacted with each other after the story. This activity energized learners to actively interact with each other in Japanese.
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Kaori KAWASAKI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
56-57
Published: September 21, 2013
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The author, a Japanese language teacher, participated in the Twinning Program, which involves Japanese language education for Vietnamese students planning to study in Japanese Universities. It was found that there were serious gaps in the students' general scientific knowledge and background compared to peers in Japan. It was necessary to teach general science. As a result of these efforts, many of the gaps were filled, giving the students a better foundation for study in Japan. New textbooks for each faculty should be made for students before starting their studies in Japan. Teaching guides should also be prepared for Jananese teachers.
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-Instructional material based on conversation sections in Minna no Nihongo-
Minaho WATABE, Yukinori TAGAWA, Yukiko KAMIYAMA, Reiko KONISHI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
58-59
Published: September 21, 2013
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Natural pronunciation is imperative to communicating clearly. Yet the current Japanese education system is not doing enough to teach this. We have already developed Kotoba sheets, which can be used in general Japanese classes. Each sheet contains words and phrases, with a focus on accent. However, teaching students to acquire natural verbal expression is not enough. Therefore, we are now developing Kaiwa sheets based on the conversation sections in Minna no Nihongo, with the aim of increasing students' awareness of the appropriate emotions and intentions behind speech. In this paper, we present an outline and discuss the development of this material.
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Yoshiro OGAWARA, Akiko TAKAHASHI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
60-61
Published: September 21, 2013
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Dictation is considered as one effective means of training at the listening perception stage of the listening comprehension process. An intermediate listening class was conducted in which the teacher uploaded sound files for learners of low listening comprehension ability onto the website; students downloaded them to onto PCs and undertook dictation practice on an independent basis. While some training effectiveness was evident, the construction of a training system to improve the efficiency and continuity of learning remains an important task.
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: Through the organization of a speech competition
Ning PAN, Yohei SUGATA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
62-63
Published: September 21, 2013
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This research examined how the organizing of a speech contest changed the educational perspective of a novice teacher of Japanese in a local Chinese university. Through the experience, the teacher found the speech competition not only as a means to improve the speech skills of highly motivated students, but also as an opportunity for students to display the results of their daily studies. Reflection on the experience allowed the teacher to improve his teaching ability as well as motivate himself. Finally, the change in the teacher's perspective was affected not only by his experience, but also by the students' opinions.
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-From an Analysis of Class Discussions-
Nanako MIYAZAKI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
64-65
Published: September 21, 2013
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The author implemented Japanese language classes for international students at university using cases with the objective of developing their ability to find and resolve problems. Here, cases refer to teaching materials that write on the circumstances surrounding issues and the emotions of the people concerned in story form. Analyses were made of recordings of group and class discussions. As a result, these discussions prompted the students to deepen their understanding and thinking with regard to the cases used while helping them recognize the perspectives of others and accept differing opinions and ideas.
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Miho TAKAI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
66-67
Published: September 21, 2013
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Setsunan University and Osaka Institute of Technology offer a five-weeks intensive training program in which Japanese and the "Monozukuri" management course are taught. This program is designed for Thai students majoring in industrial management from their home universities. This paper discusses about the development of a textbook designed for the first three weeks of the training program held at Setsunan University. The aims of the program are (1) to improve students' basic communication skills in Japanese, (2) to teach students to understand various warnings, (3) to teach students to understand the terminology and kanji to be used in the "Monozukuri" management course.
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-An Analysis of Oral Proficiency Interviews conducted at the Time of Completion of the Intensive Course-
Keiko HORI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
68-69
Published: September 21, 2013
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I conducted Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPI) to evaluate the oral proficiency of students completing an intensive course for Japanese government scholarship students, and analyzed the use of connective expressions by three learners. Compared to the novice-level learners, the intermediate-level learner used a variety of connective expressions, and produced more tokens, while exhibiting no errors. Moreover, he used the quotation marker "TTE". Overuse of and errors involving "ATODE" and the TE-form were not observed- contrary to the indications of previous research. It is possible that the textbook used in the intensive course influenced the learners' spoken production.
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Mikiko AIHARA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
70-71
Published: September 21, 2013
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This paper reports on how Japanese teachers supported care worker candidates in rural areas of Japan. In 2008, the first group of nurse and care worker candidates arrived in Japan. The candidates worked in the hospitals and care facilities while studying Japanese language, with the aim of passing the national examination. Compared to candidates in metropolitan areas, candidates in rural areas found it hard to get support. This paper clarifies what the Japanese teachers did for such care worker candidates, and the difficulties faced by these Japanese teachers.
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-With Special Regard to "General Language" and "Language and Education"-
Daishi SHINOZAKI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
72-73
Published: September 21, 2013
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This paper is a follow-up of the study by SHINOZAKI(2013) that treated the Development of E-learning Contents for Japanese Teacher Training and Analysis of Learners' Course Evaluations by Employing Moodle. It will report on the addition of study contents and the improvement of the lesson method. Specifically, three points are discussed : (1) 20 New Lecture data (65 items in all) are added. (2) A portion of the check test for study contents is corrected. (3) The completion deadline of the check test will be extended to the day preceding the next lesson, hi addition, I report on the outline of lesson practice using this content.
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Kanako KUDO, Ikuko IJUIN
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
74-75
Published: September 21, 2013
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In this study, qualitative analyses on opinion essays written by highly advanced students were undertaken from a perspective of the effectiveness of "concession" for strengthening the validity of one's opinion. From the analyses, the following three pairs of effective "concession" and ineffective "concession" were identified: 1) logical and natural "concession" and abrupt "concession"; 2) "concession" with a valid counterargument and "concession" without it; 3) concise "concession" and too long "concession."
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Takao KINUGAWA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
76-77
Published: September 21, 2013
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The author conducted comprehensive and productive classroom activities for pre-advanced Japanese learners. In the classroom, Learners first interpreted topical news through collaborative work and then were paired with those who had watched other news to present to each other the content of the news they had watched. This study investigated what resources learners use for interpretation, how they construct their interpretation, by analyzing their interactions. The results indicated that learners interpreted content superficially using linguistic resources initially, but after collaborative work they constructed deeper interpretations that included background information by sharing their experiences and knowledge.
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Yoshiko KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
78-79
Published: September 21, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2017
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Many learners say that they began to study Japanese because of Japanese animation on TV in their younger days. Some of them became otaku. This paper aims to discuss about relation between being an otaku and studying Japanese. The targets of this study are otaku students in Japanese Language and Culture Study Course. They picked otaku topics for their final papers of the course. The author is also an otaku and supervised their final papers. Through discussion with colleagues and a teacher, the students deepened their knowledge and got new insight. Being an otaku can be a gateway to new insight and how learners deepen their thought is an issue in future.
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
App2-
Published: September 21, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2017
RESEARCH REPORT / TECHNICAL REPORT
OPEN ACCESS
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Article type: Appendix
2013 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
App3-
Published: September 21, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2017
RESEARCH REPORT / TECHNICAL REPORT
OPEN ACCESS
