In this study, a hierarchical anisotropic laminated element is developed by adding a ZIG-ZAG term to the hierarchical hexahedral element for the structural analysis of adhesive construction methods. The ZIG-ZAG function of the region-wise ZIG-ZAG theory is used to represent the displacements that are ZIG-ZAG distributed. Furthermore, analysis models for composites based on improved ZIG-ZAG theory, region-wise ZIG-ZAG theory and layer-wise theory have been constructed using these hierarchical anisotropic laminated elements, respectively. By using numerical examples of three-dimensional stress analysis of anisotropic laminates, isotropic plates and sandwich plates applied with sinusoidal and equally distributed loads, the accuracy, convergence and applicability of each analytical model are verified.

 Proper quality control and assurance are required for engineering practices which deal with cement treated grounds since the strength quality is affected by the variability of soil properties as well as distribution of cement particle. Conventional quality control and assurance by means of the unconfined compression test is normally to evaluate an average strength of specimens sampled from discrete points in cement treated ground. On the other hand, needle penetration test can confirm the presence or absence of weak zones in specimen and a continuous strength distribution that cannot be measured solely by the unconfined compression tests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose more reliable strength evaluation method taking advantage of needle penetration tests and to offer advanced conversion formula to induce unconfined compressive strength from the needle penetration resistance. Based on multi-point measurements with a desktop-type needle penetration apparatus, we first propose a new conceptual formula to estimate unconfined compressive strength. To verify the proposed concept, we then conduct needle penetration tests on cement-treated soils with different 51 specimens prepared in various strength ranges. Finally, coefficients of the conceptual formula are identified, and applicability and validity of the formula are discussed.

 A super absorbent polymer has attracted attention as a technology for quick removal of weak disaster soil from the disaster site. While the removed soil should be modified and reused as a ground material by the Fiber-cement stabilized soil method, there is a concern that super absorbent polymer therein deteriorates the durability of the modified soil by absorbing and expanding. In this study, the authors quantified the effect of bonding with ferric ion on the absorption capacity of the super absorbent polymer. Additionally, the durability of the modified soil was verified by a cyclic test for drying and wetting. From the test results, it was confirmed that the super absorbent polymer contained in the modified soil can deteriorate the durability of the soil by absorbing and swelling. Besides, it was clear that the water absorption can be suppressed by bonding with ferric ion to prevent the deterioration of the modified soil.

 In recent years, large-diameter steel pipe piles have been adopted for the foundation structures in ports. However, there has the problem that it is difficult to obtain accurate pile plugging rates for design of tip resistance. Therefore, we focus on a tapered pile, which has a shape with its diameter increasing gradually from the pile tip to the pile head. It has been reported that a tapered pile has the effect of increasing shaft resistance by pushing and spreading the ground during construction. However, since there is not enough knowledge about large-diameter tapered piles, a series of pile loading tests were carried out to understand its characteristics. As a result, it was confirmed that large-diameter tapered piles have the effect to reinforce shaft resistance when pushing and spreading the ground during construction.

 Outflow of backfilling materials from embankment with revetment often induces sinkholes and ground subsidence. Although covering the embankment surface with the geotextile sheets would be effective in suppressing the outflow, sheets degradation promotes outflow to the contrary. Inconveniently, the constructed geotextile sheets cannot be observed directly as they are underground, thereby simulation tools which can evaluate the sheets degradation is required. In this study, the authors presented several mathematical models and a numerical simulation tool for calculation of the geotextile sheets degradation. The comparison studies between experimental and numerical results indicated that the degradation rate of geotextile sheets obtained by the proposed models was good agreement with the experimental results. In numerical examples that assumes actual environments, we found that the degradation of geotextile sheets is strongly dependent on material heterogeneity. These findings suggest that the proposed method is a promising tool for qualitatively predicting and evaluation the degradation of geotextile sheets over time.

 In this paper, as a part of understanding the stock effect of road development, we examine the long-term stock effect of the development of highway network over the past half century since the first opening of the roads, using a Spatial Computable General Equilibrium (SCGE) model. As a result of the gradual development of the network, the value added change which is industrial stock effect index mainly occurs at the Honshu area from the Kanto and Koshinetsu regions to the Chugoku region, confirming the contribution of industrial activities in these regions to the growth of the Japanese economy. On the other hand, regional benefit on the household are widely spread to the entire country, confirming the contribution of highway network to the balanced development of the nation.

 In rural areas with small populations, it is not easy to ensure both profitability and convenience of individual transportation services. In fact, public expenditures by local governments are increasing year by year, and it appears that the current situation is becoming unsustainable. In order to improve this situation, this paper proposes a new public transportation service system, which manages taxi and volunteer transport in an integrated manner. Through model analyses under several geographical, socio-economical and operational conditions, we confirmed that this system works rather well and provides a less expensive and more convenient transport services for the residents in rural areas in a sustainable manner.

 The purpose of this research is to reveal the relevance of practical landscape and aesthetic landscape. and to illustrate the relevance the landscapes descripted in “Tosa Nikki (Diary)”observed by a ship’s navigating officer and author (poet) of the diary are selected as an example. First, the recognition of each landscape is identified based on their knowledge such as voyages and waka poetry, and then explored the relationship between the two landscapes. As a result, both viewers recognize almost different landscapes even in the same environment and at the same time. However, on some occasions the influences from the practical landscape can be found in aesthetically expressed poetry. In such cases, poet sees visually the same landscape with the navigator, but the expressed poetry does not include the same meaning. In other words, there are so many practical landscapes that are overlooked in the process of recognizing to aesthetic landscapes, and landscapes expressed by aesthetic recognition frequently lose the original meaning.

 With the promotion of Work Style Reforms and the spread of COVID-19, telework has rapidly penetrated and become firmly established, and commuting behavior has changed significantly. This new commuting behavior is an important change when considering railway services in the coming era, however the actual situation has not been clarified due to the lack of quantitative analysis based on the actual behavior. This study aims to illustrate changes in commuting behavior using automatic ticket gate data. As a result, due to the influence of COVID-19, it was revealed that out of about 860,000 people who used the target route almost every day, about 80,000 people used home telework and about 80,000 people drastically reduced the frequency of use. It also quantitatively clarifies changes by OD, the relationship between commuting frequency and commuter pass usage, changes by gender and age group, changes in departure time zone, and the relationship between commuter pass holding and stop-by behavior.

 Currently, as traffic congestion becomes more serious, implementing efficient and effective traffic congestion countermeasures becomes crucial. Of which micro traffic simulations appear to be a dominant solution. This method enables us to capture the effects of traffic congestion mitigation and its impact on the surrounding traffic flow. This study is a part of the Sapporo New Road Facilitation Conference. The purpose is to optimize the traffic control at intersections of Sapporo Shinkawa Interchange, where traffic congestion occurs regularly. We conducted the analysis using social experiment data and micro-traffic simulation over three years. First, we developed a simulation model using the social experiment data to reproduce the current situation. From this model, we extracted the optimal signal timing phase. Then, a post-evaluation of traffic congestion countermeasures by traffic simulation was conducted based on the results of the field implementation of the extracted signal display patterns. The results confirmed the usefulness of the optimization study of traffic congestion countermeasures using social experiment data and traffic simulation.

 This paper structures the causal relationship between evacuation behavior and related variables with using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Based on the DAG, we conducted a survey on evacuation behavior in Hitoyoshi City, Kumamoto Prefecture, which was hit by the torrential rainfall in July 2020, and estimated the causal effects of evacuation preparedness or disaster-related information on evacuation behavior. The results showed that awareness of flooding to their own houses, confirmation of evacuation route for designated evacuation sites, and consideration of evacuation action plans contributed to their early evacuation. In addition, it was not confirmed that the acquisition of meteorological or evacuation information by public agencies contributed to promoting protective actions, but early calls for evacuation from various stakeholders contributed significantly to their early evacuation.

 An increasing number of municipalities are shifting from so called “community bus” services provided by local government to demand responsible transport service using taxi cabs and mutually supportive individual transportation services using private cars of residents in order to provide a means of transportation for people living in rural areas. However, in rural areas with small populations, it is not easy to ensure the profitability and convenience of individual transportation services at the same time. Public expenditures by local governments are increasing year by year, and the current situation is becoming unsustainable. In order to solve these problems, this paper considers necessary conditions and proposed some practical measures for satisfy them in applying “Sustainable public transport service system”, a proposed new transport service that integrates volunteer transport drivers and taxis, to rural societies from both aspects of regulation and operation. The former confirmed that the proposed system does not conflict with the current legal system in Japan, and the latter proposed to increase the feasibility of fare design, integrated management of volunteer transport and taxi business, and transfer of profits from volunteer transport drivers to taxi business.

 The Tama River, which flows through Ome City, Tokyo, has been actively used for daily life, livelihood, and recreation. Reflecting these usages, land features along the Tama River have been given local names that differ from place names.

 In this study, firstly, such local names have been comprehensively identified based on literature and interview surveys, and have been classified from the viewpoints of object, origin, and caller. Then, through cross-analysis from these viewpoints, the characteristics of the local names have been clarified. Furthermore, the significance of the local names have been explained through the analysis focusing on the motivation for naming. These results will contribute not only to the understanding of river characteristics through the local names, but also to the promotion of future river use and the reconstruction of the relationship between people and rivers.

 The Mikuni port jetty is a pioneering practice as a modern Japanese port and designated as an Important Cultural Property. However, the design details are not revealed due to undiscovered the design drawing by Escher, a Dutch civil engineer, who is a designer of the original proposal for the Mikuni port jetty. This paper has discovered the original design drawing by Escher; moreover tries to explore the design details and construction process of the Mikuni port jetty, with several historical documents including design drawings by De Rijke and Koi Furuichi, who took over Escher’s design and implemented the project. In the first phase from 1876 to 1880, Escher and De Rijke designed and led the project. At the time of the opening ceremony in 1880, the Mikuni port jetty worked well as a training dike; however not enough working as a breakwater. Therefore Mikuni port jetty has not completely prevented damage caused by large waves and storms. Finally, in the second phase, Koi Furuichi revised the design which led to the function as a breakwater completed in 1882.

 In paste with high early-strength Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, CaO·2Al₂O₃ admixed in the paste reacts with calcium hydroxide, which is the cement hydrate, to produce hydrates such as hydrocalumite group. In this research, it is clear that the hydrocalumite group has the chemical effect to immobilizing chloride ions and the physical effect to reducing porosity of the paste to prevent penetration of chloride ions from the outside. These two effects can greatly reduced the apparent diffusion coefficient of chloride ions in the paste. The effects tends to be lower when the curing temperature in early age was 60°C, but there is little change when the paste was carbonated.

 Embankment for slab tracks on the Shinkansen is designed on the assumption that a train speed is 260km/h. However, in the future there is a possibility that the operating speed of the Shinkansen will be increased even in Shinkansen lines that is projected to be built. Since it is not easy to repair slab tracks when it subsides due to train loads, it is important not to allow a large subsidence in the design of the embankment supporting slab tracks. Therefore, in this study, on the basis of the cumulative damage theory, we proposed a method to determine the amount of plastic subsidence of embankment by considering the influence of train speed. First, we obtained the difference in the dynamic response of the embankment depending on the train speed using finite element analysis. Next, under the loading conditions using the results, a full-scale repeated loading test was conducted. Then, using the cumulative damage theory, the amount of plastic settlement of the embankment considering the train speed was calculated.

 In this study, the microstructure that gives itacolumite its flexibility and shock absorption properties is proposed as a loosely connected block assembly in three dimensions with gaps in between. The block assembly was manufactured by taking advantage of the additive manufacturing of 3D printing, in which each block and gap was fabricated simultaneously in a design that the blocks can move freely in any direction without disengaging. The block assembly showed similar flexibility and shock absorption properties as itacolumite. In a vibration test using the blocks as a direct foundation, the vibration isolation effect was confirmed to reduce acceleration to one-third that of integral blocks. A construction method was also devised to produce this block assembly by casting concrete.

 It is important to understand vibration characteristics of bridges for estimation of the stiffness of the entire bridge. Generally equipments for vibration measurement are so expensive that everyone can not easily carry out the measurement using the equipments. In this study, we try vibration measurement with enough accuracy using tablet devices with accelerometer for a timber pedestrian bridge. For the most dominant vertically-antisymmetrical mode, error of measured value by the tablet devices to the numerically calculated value is about −4.0%. It shows the utility of vibration measurement using tablet devices with accelerometer. Besides, we discuss vibration characteristics for the measured timber pedestrian bridge, comparing values of natural frequency and of damping constant with the values obtained by the approximate equation for steel/concrete bridges.

 In recent years, various monitoring data has been obtained that can be used for slope disaster prevention. A change point detection method using ChangeFinder has been proposed based on RTK-GNSS, a satellite-based positioning system, but its application remains to be expanded for practical use. In this paper, we proposed a method for processing measurement errors in GNSS data and attempted to improve detection accuracy. Specifically, we propose a sidereal time-based correcting method to process multipath errors and a coincidence error processing model to distinguish the true position from GNSS data containing coincidence errors, and perform change point detection with the help of sequential estimation using particle filters. Furthermore, we validated the results using GNSS data observed on an actual expressway and showed that change points can be detected when the displacement of the slope exceeds 1.5 times the sample standard deviation of GNSS data.

 The scheme was developed to dispatch manpower to assist local governments affected by natural disaster in emergency phase. In addition to that, local governments proceed to rectify agreements for cooperation to dispatch their staffs to assist each other. However, those schemes are not proven the effectiveness in emergency phase, and it is pointed out that it is likely the emergency management system of the government to accept manpower does not work effectively. Thus, in this study, in order to analyze problems of management system to accept manpower from other local governments, how the system was operated to manage manpower from other local governments is analyzed when Kurashiki City was affected by heavy rainfall in 2018. From the analysis, it is found that following three points are important for effective management system to accept manpower from other local governments as follows: a) the system should be operated according to characteristics of manpower dispatch system and management process, b) job description assigned to dispatched staffs before the operation, c) the determination of the section in charge of management of the system.

 A geotechnical ground condition that base most civil engineering and construction is important factor that cause loss of cost for project by its uncertainty. It is thought that a sense of ownership of project staffs is important for geotechnical risk management, but the effect of role recognition has been not obvious. In this study, authors categorize the kind of role recognition of staffs (organizer, geotechnical and design engineer) and estimate their behavior (probability of correct assessment) through the process from geotechnical survey to civil design at road construction projects. The result of estimated probability shows more than 10% difference on expected cost between staffs who has a sense of ownership and other people’s problem, and also suggests that we have much projects with geotechnical risk more than projects without risk.

 This research has proposed an algorithm for producing Color Composite Moving image for image feature enhancement using hyperspectral data (HS data) which consists of the following steps: Step 1) Through the principal component analysis for HS data, the orthogonal transform images from the first to the third principal components is produced, Step 2) as a measure for the issues of subjective determination on the range of contrast stretching, repeated contrast stretching is applied for those principal component images, Step 3) Color composite static image (termed “s-PCC image”) is produced by assigning the principal components to the R, G, and B planes, respectively. The combination case for assigning principal component images to RGB planes is determined based on the values of correlated color temperature and; Step 4) For visualizing the differences of the quality of s-PCC images during the contrast stretching process, an animation-like color composite moving image (termed “m-PCC image”) is produced by continuously displaying s-PCC images. The experimental results for image features on concrete surface indicate that all the information of image feature enhancement and coloration process on m-PCC image can be visualized dynamically and repeatedly, resulting in an unprecedented effectiveness for image feature enhancement and interpretation.

 Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) data has been studied to maintain social infrastructure facilities in recent years. However, even for rockfill dams, where abundant permanent scattering points can be obtained, the accuracy of the displacements determined by Permanent Scatterers Interferometry (PSInSAR) analysis has not yet been sufficiently verified. This study conducted PSInSAR analysis using C-band Sentinel-1 SAR data for a rockfill dam continuously measured by the survey for external deformation. A comparison of measured and analyzed external deformation of the rockfill dam verified that PSInSAR analysis can measure the deformation with high accuracy on the order of millimeters, indicating that SAR data can be used for maintenance management. Comparing the survey results with the analysis results, the accuracy of the displacement determined from the SAR data is verified, and the application to the maintenance management of the rockfill dam is discussed.

 In recent years, the presence of microplastic fibers (MPFs) in the environment was confirmed frequently, and washing clothes was pointed out as one of the important pathways for their emission. The main objective of this study was to grasp the emission characteristics of MPFs from original-made fabrics based on the material design during laundry using a washing machine. Eight types of polyester fabrics were developed according to 3 design factors: yarn (filament and staple fibers), knitting (plain and mesh) and processing (with and without softener). Laundry was conducted using a drum-type washing machine on the standard course (wash to dry, 162 minutes total). MPFs generated during laundry were collected by a plankton net (10 μm).Three-way analysis of variance results showed that yarn and processing contributed 74.5% and 18.7% on the MPFs weight, respectively, revealing a possibility as the main factors of the MPFs emission. The median value of long fibers in yarn was smaller than that of short fibers by 42-45%. The median value of fabrics without softener was smaller than that of with softener by 22-25%.

 The public awareness of the high-level radioactive waste disposal project (HLW disposal project) is low, and it is difficult to obtain public understanding of the project. The HLW disposal project is a national project in which civil engineering can contribute to the construction of a huge underground facility. Therefore, this study conducted a brainstorming session for students from the viewpoint of civil engineering to identify issues and questions that young people are intellectually interested in regarding the HLW disposal project. The educational materials were then developed to contribute to the awareness of the HLW disposal project and to the understanding of the technical feasibility of the geological disposal. We also explored ways to train science communicators and to communicate with them in order to pass on the knowledge to the public and the next generation. The results of this study were implemented on a trial basis for high school students, and the effectiveness in raising their awareness of the HLW disposal project was confirmed.