This paper states for framed structures, that we can compute both stresses and displacement of structures directly, using a saddle point matrix. And in this paper, it is stated that contributions of each element for responses can be computed simultaneously. Those contributions of each element represent actions of each element explicitly. And, contribution analysis for frequencies of structures, formulated from eigenvalue analysis, are stated. In addition, when sensitivity coefficients of responses are necessary, for example, in optimal design and structural analysis, they are computed immediately by dividing contribution factor by contribution variable (in this paper, element stiffness). In the past, formulation of contribution analysis and sensitivity analysis are performed from stiffness equation, but in this paper, they are formulated without deleting the stress from three fundamental equations of equilibrium of structures. And, in this paper, all the contributions are considered for external work.

 Ito stochastic differential equations were applied to the torsional flutter analysis of a long span bridge, and Kármán-type spectra with turbulence intensity and turbulence scale as parameters were input to calculate the flutter critical wind speed as a random wind load force. The unsteady aerodynamic force coefficient (Flutter Derivatives) was measured in a wind tunnel in turbulent flow. The flutter critical wind speed varies depending on the combination of turbulence intensity and turbulence scale, but the result shows that the critical wind speed decreases when the turbulence intensity is large and the scale is large. Although the numerical results in this paper were obtained under limited conditions, they suggest the need for careful consideration of the wind resistance of bridge flutter.

 In this study, data of the flood peak discharges induced by landslide dam outbursts were collected from the literature. Statistical inferences, including multiple regression analysis and Bayesian interference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, were performed to obtain the statistical equations for the flood peak discharges induced by landslide dam outbursts. For Bayesian interference, prior probability and likelihood function were constructed and posterior probability was determined using MCMC method. Residual analysis was performed to detect outliers, and statistical inferences were carried out again to obtain the statistical equations after the abnormal values were deleted. The results of the statistical inferences were compared with each other to check their reliability. Moreover, a scheme to predict the flood peak discharge with a certain probability induced by a future landslide dam outburst was described, which makes it possible to more accurately determine mitigation measures such as evacuation areas with appropriate reliability in preparation for the landslide dam outburst.

 Railway operators enforce train operation control such as suspended operations and speed reduction during heavy rainfall based on precipitation observed by rain gauges to ensure safe train operation from slope failure and other failure caused by rainfall. In this study, we evaluated the impact of increased heavy rainfall due to climate change on train operation control against heavy rainfall from 1976 to 2020. In the East Japan Railway Company area, the frequency and time of train operation control shows a significant increase at the 5% significance level. The frequency increased by about 15% per decade and the time also increased by about 20%. Comparing the 30-year period from 1976 to 2005 (early period) and the 15-year period from 2006 to 2020 (late period), the difference between the early period and late period in the frequency and time of train operation control is significant at the 5% significance level. The frequency is about 1.4 times higher in the late period than in the early period, and the time is also about 1.7 times higher. Investigating at these trends by region, Tohoku region is more pronounced than Kanto, Koshin and Hokuriku regions.

 In this study, as a fundamental study for the utilization of pumice that was ejected in large quantities by the submarine volcanic eruption that occurred in August 2021 at Fukutoku Okanoba near South Io Jima, Ogasawara Islands, we conducted single particle breakage test, consolidation drainage triaxial compression test and isotropic consolidation test to understand strength and mechanical properties of soil particles by themselves, and examined particle breakage by calculating particle fracturing rate using samples after the tests. The results of the consolidation-drainage triaxial compression tests indicated that the pumice did not have a common rupture envelope in all test cases, and that the cohesion increased and the internal friction angle decreased with increasing initial effective confining pressure. The particle breakage rates of the post-test specimens indicate that isotropic consolidation alone does not result in significant particle breakage, but that particle breakage occurs during triaxial compaction.

 The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake has prompted the development of earthquake-resistant port facilities. Port facilities not only mitigate damage in the event of a disaster, but also provide a base for reconstruction work and an economic base for the fishing industry, and thus require rapid and rational maintenance. The authors focused on the liquefaction of soil filled with double steel sheet pile quay walls, and verified countermeasures using sandbags filled with highly permeable gravel and permeable steel sheet piles to reduce excess pore water pressure in the ground through centrifuge model experiments. The experimental results showed that the drainage effect of the sandbags suppressed the generation of excess pore water pressure, and that the permeable steel sheet piles shortened the dissipation time of the excess pore water pressure. The replacement of the liquefied layer with sandbags was also found to deter sheet pile deformation by increasing the ground bearing capacity behind the sheet piles.

 Shortage of parking space for large cargo vehicles at highway SA/PAs is becoming serious problems. “Compact Parking” that expands parking capacity by managing departure times is being tested as a countermeasure for relaxing the congestions of SA/PAs parking in the European region. In this study, we propose the use of compact parking to provide preferential treatment for truck parking for longer than 8 hours, based on the fact that the introduction of compact parking in Japan has not yet been considered and that parking spaces are more difficult to be provided for freight vehicles that take more than 8 hours rest as required by the Labor Standards Law due to the tight parking capacity. First, this study developed an original parking simulation to demonstrate compact parking system. Using the developed simulation, we analyzed Ebina SA as a case study and clarified the conditions where the compact parking system for long-duration truck parking has an advantages for realizing parking capacity expansion with reasonable waiting time to depart.

 In this study, we focused on large-scale logistics facilities with a total floor area of more than 10,000 m² constructed in the Tokyo metropolitan area between 2013 and 2019, and conducted a quantitative analysis of location trends, generated and concentrated traffic volumes, and the effects of logistics facilities on highway traffic volumes. (1) Real estate companies have entered the logistics real estate business in earnest, and the number of large-scale logistics facilities has been increasing since 2013, (2) Large-scale logistics facilities are concentrated in the Saitama-Kanagawa section of the Ken-O Expressway, (3) Traffic volume generated and concentrated from large-scale logistics facilities specializing in collection and distribution functions is 188 vehicles/day and 10, 000 square meters, with the potential for further growth in the multitenant type, (4) Increase in the number of highway traffic units per 10,000 m² of total floor area of large-scale logistics facilities is about 120 vehicles per day, (5) Increase in traffic volume was significant in between sections within Saitama and Kanagawa on the Ken-O Expressway, (6) Regarding regional arrival trips, the Saitama-Kanagawa section of the Ken-O Expressway will function as an integrated logistics hub.

 This study revealed the relationship between steps counts and medical cost and estimated the effect of neighborhood environment and change of travel behavior on medical cost.

 The study used data of 1,028 older citizens from surveys which conducted from 2016 to 2018. Medical cost was gathered from claims history of national health insurance. GPS log data and steps counts data were collected in panel survey in 2016 and 2018.

 The relationship between medical cost and steps counts was examined by cross-lagged panel modeling. The model was estimated by full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method. The result shows that medical cost of older adults who walk more tend to decrease. On the other hand, there is no relationship that medical cost affects steps counts.

 In addition, the effects of neighborhood environment and change of travel behavior on medical cost mediated by step counts are quantitatively estimated by structural equation modeling. For example, the effect of accessibility to commerce area and the change of frequency of stay in city center by cycling or public transportation on medical cost were evaluated. The model is also estimated by a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method. The findings reinforce that urban design policy which promotes to live around the commerce area and the transport policy which increase of frequency of visit to commerce area and park by walk and to city center by cycle and public transportation will reduce quite a few medical costs.

 In the hilly residential areas which have been developed since 1960s in the suburbs of Tokyo metropolitan area, not a few residents have come to find it difficult to get around due to the population aging, which requests to improve the convenience of public transportation. This study evaluated the accessibility to bus stops in Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, employing the concept of metabolic conversion distance to take into account the effects of the topography and the walking speed of elderly people. As a result, it showed that the metabolic conversion distance to the nearest bus stop was on average about 1.62 times longer than the network distance, and the standard deviation of it increased about 1.66 times. It also showed that approximately 57% of the residents in the 300m catchment area of bus stops by crow-fly distance were outside the catchment area by metabolic conversion distance. This implies that the common practices to evaluate accessibility based on crow-fly distance greatly underestimates the population in inconvenient areas. Moreover, based on these results, the direction of Yokohama City's public transportation policy was discussed.

 In order to achieve sustainable development of remote islands, Japanese government are increasing the support for remote island regions. An evidence-based policy evaluation system is needed to verify the effectiveness of such policies. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the lodging policy as a case study which focusing on the policies related to tourism among the remote islands promotion policies. In this paper, first, we comprehensively summarize the tourism policies for the promotion of remote islands throughout Japan. Then, we extracted lodging policies from the list of policies and demonstrated the relationship between the presence or absence of lodging policies and the increase or decrease in the capacity of hotels before and after the implementation of the policies. Finally, based on the results of the study, a quantitative policy evaluation by using the PSM-DID approach has been done.

 The problem of vehicles not stopping at crosswalks without traffic lights with waiting pedestrians has been pointed out in recent years. For safe crossing at crosswalks without traffic lights, communicating intention by pedestrians to drivers to cross is considered to influence the stopping of vehicles. In this case, all behaviors of the pedestrian, not just raising hands, can have an effect. In addition, it is necessary for pedestrians to show their appreciation by bailing when a vehicle stops in order to deepen the cooperative relationship between pedestrians and drivers in the future.

 Based on the recognition of the above issues, we conducted a quantitative and statistical analysis of the influence of pedestrians' active communication on vehicle stops. The analysis revealed that it is important for a safe crossing environment for pedestrians to signal and indicate their intention to cross.

 The concept of “equalization of healthcare services” refers to the elimination of regional disparities in healthcare services so that everyone can enjoy the right to receive high-level healthcare equally throughout the country. In order to study the policy of “equalization of healthcare services” in detail, it is essential to forecast the future demand and supply of healthcare services at district level. Hence the present study attempts to develop a simple demand forecasting model regarding the number of patients by district based on the gravity model. As a result of constructing the model in Hyogo Prefecture and visualizing the future changes in the demand for healthcare, it is shown that although there is an increase in demand due to the aging of the population in urban areas, there is a marked decrease in demand in many areas.

 While accurate environmental impact assessment of wind farm is required due to frequent landscape disputes, current assessment criteria do not discuss the viewpoint that wind turbines are rotating structures. In this study, we conducted five experiments to examine visual search and instantaneous vision using both simple and landscape models from the viewpoint of attentional capture caused by the motion of rotating turbines of wind power plant, were conducted. The results indicated differences in gazing behavior between the case when the windmill was stationary and when it was rotating. This suggests that visual attention is captured by the dynamic conspicuity.

 In recent years, the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects have been attracting attention from the perspective of tourist policy. This is because the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects have the merit of improving the landscape. This benefit is expected to affect not only residents of the area where the landscape was improved, but also tourists from outside. The purpose of this study is to clarify the evaluation of the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects by tourists. Therefore, this study conducted a questionnaire survey of tourists in Uchiko Town, Ehime Prefecture, using double-bound dichotomous choice CVM. This study used a CVM survey data to estimate the willingness to pay for the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects on roads in Uchiko Town for both residents and tourists. Finally, based on the results of the analysis, this study discusses about the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects in the sightseeing area. The results of this study indicate that tourists from outside of Uchiko are willing to pay approximately 473 yen for the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects. This study suggests that the cooperation of tourists is also important for the undergrounding and utility pole removal projects in tourist areas.

 In this paper, we first demonstrate the rationality of the developed tension analysis method that can rationally handle the effects of friction and other factors that occur when prestressing is applied to a largescale PC structure with an arbitrary shape. For a 3-span model bridge, the sectional force and deflection obtained by the conventional analysis method were compared with those obtained by the proposed analysis method. Next, we compared the analytical values used in the design of a 6-span continuous viaduct actual bridge with the analytical values by the proposed method, and discussed the improvement of the accuracy of the conventional analysis method. Finally, we proposed a rational prestressing management method for such a structure. It was shown that the accuracy of the design analysis of PC structures can be further improved by integrating these, and the purpose of improving the quality of PC structures can be realized.

 A scaled model experiment has been developed to visualize the process of pavement pumping and subbase erosion at pavement joints. The experimental device simulates uni-directional cyclic traffic loading on a circular track made of transparent acrylic container with an outer diameter of 350 mm and a depth of 120 mm. Fully saturated silica sand #6 and a transparent acrylic plate with a joint were used as subbase layer and pavement slab, respectively. The results indicated gradual ejection of subbase sand and water through the pavement joint under repeated traffic loading. According to the video analysis, the subbase surface was firstly eroded beneath the approach slab and then eroded more beneath the leave slab. The amount of subbase erosion by pumping varied with the traffic speed, which could be caused of the speed of pavement slab deflection and recovery.

 Wavelet analysis is one of the methods employed to develop microtopographic maps from airborne laser (LP) scanning data. The wavelet coefficients applied in the wavelet analysis maps conform to positive values for convex areas and negative values for concave areas of the terrain. However, the correlation between the wavelet coefficients and the size of landforms and the impact of the scale factor, which is a condition for wavelet analysis, on the wavelet coefficients have not been determined. In this analysis, the correlation between the wavelet coefficient and the size of landforms was evaluated for convex terrain with a unique height difference of 5 m or less, using simulated terrain and grid data produced from aerial laser (LP) survey data. A positive association was observed between the wavelet coefficient and the unique height difference between 1.0 m and 3.0 m. The wavelet coefficient and the unique height difference between 1.0 m and 3.0 m were positively connected. However, it was observed that there is an upper and lower limit to the connection between the wavelet coefficient and the relative height difference.

 In the multistage Weibull deterioration hazard model for statistical deterioration forecasting of infrastructure assets, the transition probability of the condition state has a multiple integral form with no analytical solution, to represent the time-dependent transition of the condition state on a continuous time axis. Therefore, in estimating the model and utilizing the estimation results, the computational load of numerical integration has been problematic. To address it, this study uses the discrete Weibull distribution to propose a discrete-time multistage Weibull deterioration hazard model with an analytical solution for the transition probability of the condition state. The proposed model can be interpreted as a discrete-time approximation of the multistage Weibull deterioration hazard model. In an empirical analysis using inspection data of real expressway expansion joints, the usefulness of the proposed model is investigated with respect to model estimation accuracy and computational time.