Objective
Japan is experiencing an influx of foreign healthcare workers, who are members of racial and/or ethnic minority groups and are likely to face ethical challenges. To help address these challenges, we developed a measurement scale to assess the psychosocial work environment of nurses and examined its reliability and validity.
Method
We developed a preliminary measurement scale comprising 40 questions based on discussions with researchers, nursing managers, and published literature. The questions focused on social capital, ethical climate (including social exclusion), and ethical leadership. A three-round Delphi panel survey was conducted with nursing department directors (N = 302) to reach consensus on the items to be included in the new scale, which was tested in a cross-sectional survey of all staff nurses (N = 1,114). First, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and examined the construct validity from the results of the factor structure. Next, based on results of the factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to confirm reliability. The validity was further examined and confirmed using the K6 scale confirmed the validity, a screening measure of psychological distress. Desirability of the nursing practice environment was measured using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index.
Result
The nursing department directors agreed on 78% of the original 40 items. Factor analysis revealed three factors, namely “social capital in the workplace,” “ethical leadership,” and “exclusive workplace climate,” with high internal reliability
(Cronbach’s alpha: .87 – .95). Construct validity was established via high factor loadings for each item. Pearson’s correlations and t-tests confirmed criterion-related and construct validity between each variable.
Conclusion
We confirmed the reliability and validity of the Social Capital and Ethical Climate of the Workplace scale. The scale could be a useful tool to help nurse managers and hospital employers maintain a healthy work environment for both native and racial and/or ethnic minority health care providers who face ethical challenges at their workplace.

Objective

To clarify the changes in the same nursing students’ interests in and reasons for learning English, attitudes toward people from other countries, willingness, motivation, and need for studying English as a goal as they progress to a higher year of study.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study with undergraduate nursing students at a medical university in Tokyo using an online self-administered questionnaire. The McNemer test and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for analyses.

Results

A total of 80 students completed the questionnaire in two different years (2018–2019). Regarding self-evaluated English level, 75% of the students answered that they could speak “a few words” or “can only greet others.” The top three highest scores for basic interest in and reasons for learning English were “traveling abroad” and “traveling to English-speaking countries,” followed by interest in “English-language music, movies, and dramas” in both years. Among the 16 items, four items decreased significantly: “It is fun to study English,” “I am interested in English-language newspapers, magazines, and online articles,” “I would like to attend classes taught in English,” and “I am interested in technical books written in English.” Attitudes toward communicating with people from other countries and willingness and motivation to study English did not change significantly. The learning needs total score, specifically the preparing for professional work subtotal score, decreased significantly. The most frequent need to study English as a goal was for traveling, followed by listening to general English, and having daily conversations in both years.

Conclusion

Undergraduate nursing students’ interest and need to study English decreased significantly, while their willingness to study English and positive attitudes toward people from other countries remained stable. It is necessary to develop an effective English curriculum to enable students to set a goal and maintain their interest and need to study English.

目的

在留ブラジル人の母親 （ 以下 、 母親と記す ） における育児や事故防止に関する情報の入手先 、 および 、 子ども の事故防止に関する母親の認識と行動を明らかにする 。

方法

A 県内の保育所に通う未就学の 0 〜 6 歳児をもつ母親 358 名にポルトガル語版の無記名自記式質問紙調査を行 った 。

結果

母親の事故防止に関する情報の入手先は 、 家族 65.2% 、 ブラジル人の友人・知人 58.4% 、 広報誌 50.6% 、 SNS39.3% 、 保育園 37.1% であったが 、 医療者と TV（ ブラジル ） は 30％ 未満であった 。 育児情報の主な入手先 も 、 家族が 86.5% 、 ブラジル人の友人・知人は 65.2% であった 。 インターネット上の事故防止に関する Web サ イトの情報は 58.4% の母親が認知していたが 、 母子健康手帳や育児雑誌・育児書の情報認知は 28% であった 。

95% 以上の母親が 、 子どもは未熟なので事故を起こしやすく 、 子どもを事故から守るのは親の責任であり 、 子ど もには危険から身を守る方法を教える必要があると認識していた 。 また 、 83% の母親が子どもの事故は親が気を つけても予防しきれないと考えていたが 、 11 項目中 7 項目の子どもの事故防止に関する行動を 90% 以上の母親 が実行していた 。 実行群が 80％ 未満の行動は 、 階段に入れないように上下に柵を設置している 、 ベッドやソファ 等に寝かせた時転落しないように柵やクッションでガードしている 、 風呂場に必ず施錠し浴槽に残し湯をしない ようにしている 、 ドアと壁の隙間に子どもが指をはさまないように対策しているであった 。

考察

母親の事故防止情報の入手先は育児情報と同様に主に家族やブラジル人の友人・知人であり 、 母親への情報提 供では母国語でのアクセスのしやすさが重要であることが明らかになった 。 また 、 紙媒体より SNS の情報が入 手され 、 インターネット上の Web サイトにある情報の認知度が高かったことから 、 オンラインでの情報提供の 方が有効であることが示唆された 。 事故防止に関する情報は育児情報に比べて家族や友人・知人からの入手が少 なかったことから 、 事故防止に関する情報の入手は制約されている可能性が示唆された 。

結論

在留ブラジル人の母親は事故防止に関する良好な認識を持ち 、 ほとんど母親が事故防止行動を実行しているこ とが明らかになった 。 ごく少数の母親は 、 事故防止に関する知識や情報入手が不足している可能性があるため 、 知識や情報を提供する必要がある 。

Numerous children with undernutrition exist in Timor-Leste, and there is an urgent need to improve this situation. Insufficient dietary diversity affects the nutritional status of children. Therefore, we developed and conducted a nutrition education program for guardians of children in Dili, Timor-Leste. The nutrition education program took place over five consecutive days. In order to establish understanding of children’s nutritional status and the need for a well-balanced and varied diet, six goals were established so that participants can be practiced at home. We report results about this program from July 2019 to March 2021. We verbally explained to participants data would be anonymized, and all participants verbally provided informed consent to participate in the program, the study, and its publication.

Forty-five nutrition education programs were conducted during the data collection period, with 218 parents or guardians and 311 children. Each guardian participated in one series over a span of five days. The food intake of the participants’ children was biased toward carbohydrates and lacked diversity. The menus devised by the participants on the last day of the program showed a decreased tendency to cook with only one food group and an increased in the percentage of cooking with all three food groups. Positive impressions about the program were received from participants. This program provided participants with lunch, snacks, and transport service, which may motivate participation.

To develop intrinsic motivation among guardians, it is necessary, above all, to create an environment that is conducive to participation, which in turn will lead to the realization of the need for healthy meals. This nutrition education program could be an effective to increase guardian's understanding about importance of diet diversity.