New MSWI system have been developed. The combustion using oxygen enriched air (OEA) and flue gas recirculated (FGR) from outlet of bag filter are applied in this system. The influences of that combustion on solid combustion, repression of dioxin emission and any more were studied experimentally using bench-scale facility. In the test of the combustion using OEA it was revealed that the ignition loss of bottom ash, dioxin emission and CO emission decreased as oxygen concentration in OEA increase. However, NOx emission increased by oxygen concentration being high. To decrease NOx emission, the test of combustion using OEA and FGR was done. It was found out that NOx emission was repressed till same level as combustion using normal air and 80% dioxin emission decreased by comparison with the dioxin emission in the test of combustion using OEA.

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The "Kokubu District Shikine Recycling Center" and "Clean Oshima" which are Pyrolysis and Melting System (Kiln type) have been completed in March, 2003. This is the test run report which started in October, 2002 in the "Kokubu District Shikine Recycling Center". We confirm the following performances of Pyrolysis and Melting System (Kiln type) through the test run (1) Performing stable operation. (2) Reducing the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW). (3) It is possible to melt ash using the energy which the MSW itself has, without using external fuel. (4) Dioxins emission can be minimized.

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The first fluidized-bed gasification and melting system for MSW (capacity : 30tons/day×2) has been operated for two years or more. Furthermore, three plants (30tons/day×2,65tons/day×2,and 115tons/day×2) have been operated to favorable condition from this year. This paper describes recent operation results of fluidized-bed gasification and melting system in these plants.

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We developed the advanced stoker-type MSW incineration system that is characterized by oxygen-enriched combustion and bottom ash recirculation. The concept of this system is reduction of dioxins concentration in exhaust gas and improvement of bottom ash quality due to high temperature combustion using oxygen-enrichment and bottom ash recirculation. The demonstration tests were carried out for about 40days continuous operation using our small-scale test plant (300kg/h, RDF). And we have successfully optimized the combustion condition for minimizing dioxins concentration at furnace exit (0.1-0.2ng-TEQ/m^3_N) and confirmed the opssibility of improvement of bottom ash quality using bottom ash recirculation instead of using ash melting furnace.

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Kamigoto-Koiki Clean Center is the sludge recycling center at Nagasaki Prefecture. This has the high-rate thermophilic methane fermentation equipment. We had begun the operation of this equipment using mesophilic digested sludge because it was difficult to get thermophilic one. But this method has following two challenges : (i) it is quite important to control temperature and organic loading rate (OLR), and the wrong control may cause sour that stops fermentation. (ii) the start-up demands a longer span, usually more than a few months, because of acclimation of bacteria. In order to solve these problems, we had monitored not only temperature and OLR but also biogas production, soluble COD_<Cr> (S-COD_<Cr>), total volatite fatty acid (TVFA) and pH. As a result, the start-up had been successful for about three months.

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The bag filter with a catalyst function has been developed as a measure against dioxin from incineration facility. We have adopted the catalyst bag filter at an incineration facility and executed several field tests. We have found, as a result of those test, the (1) DXNs removal performance in 200 degrees C is about 97-98%, (2) DXNs removal rate by this method is higher than that by the method of normal filter and activated carbon, (3) the same level of DXNs removal performance is maintained at the time after one year continuous operation. In addition, it is expected that the cost of this method is lower than that of normal filter and activated carbon, and the removal rate of DXNs in gas phase is 97% or so.

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Activated water, containing ozone and hydrogen peroxide, was sprayed into the exhaust gas of a small incinerator, to investigate the decomposition rate of the dioxins as well as the chlorobenzene and chlorophenol, which are both precursors. As a result, we found that there is a positive correlation between the dioxins and precursors at an atmospheric temperature of 400℃. An especially strong correlation was found in the low0chlorinated phenol. We found that the dioxin decomposition rate can be predicted according to the decomposition rate of the precursors. Furthermore, the decomposition rate for dioxins was low when the atmospheric temperature was increased, and in turn increased for precursors, showing that the decomposition mechanism is different for dioxins and precursors.

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In Japan, many existing MSW incineration plant have retrofitted for the purpose of reducing PCDD/DFs emission. Concrete contents of retrofit were generally following. Improving of combustion control, lowering temperature of the gas passing through the dust collectors, and enhancing the efficiency of the dust collectors (convert electrostatic precipitation to bag filter). These works are expected to be efficient for the reduction of other substance emission in the flue gas. Toxic substances emission (PBDD/DFs, MoBPCDDs/DFs Hg, Pb, Zn, Cr and other heavy metals) from two facilities which have been retrofitted were investigated. The result shows that some substances such as MoBPCDDs/DFs and Hg were decreased in the emission of the flue gas by the system improvement.

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This paper describes de novo synthesis potential of gasification-melting system differ form that of conventional incinerator because the composition of fly ash is largely different. The fly ash from gasification-melting plant contained very little amount of unburned carbon which could serve as a carbon source for dioxins formation. In contrast, volatile heavy metals such as Pb, Zn and Cu in fly ash which could serve as catalyst were enriched. In this study, experiments were performed using various fly ashes from gasification-melting plants in order to clarify the effect of unburned carbon and metal components in fly ash on de novo synthesis.

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In Otsu City, bio-filtration plant began its operation in 1993. There was no problem with actual operation of the plant. This time, the ceramic media packed in this equipment was sampled and the characteristics were investigated. As a result, an excessive accumulation of sludge in the media was not seen and changes of the grain diameter, strength and the micro pore size distribution were very little.

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In Japan, the use of organic polymer coagulant fro drinking water treatment has been permitted since 2000. organic polymer coagulant is expected to be useful as coagulant aid. In order to establish the effective usage of organic polymer coagulant for drinking water treatment, we carried out several jar tests. By these test, we examined the optimal mixing condition and the suitable injection point.

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In order to achieve an efficient and economical advanced drinking water treatment system, the relationship between operating conditions, membrane filtration flux and water qualities was examined by using pilot plant consisting of ozonation facility and ozone resistant microfiltration (MF) module. In previous reports, it became obviously that interplay between foulant on the membrane surface and ozone was important for high filtration flux. In this study, membrane filtration system which ozone was used for backwash was examined on the assumption for unnecessary raw water of advanced treatment. From experimental results, it was found that backwash by permeate containing ozone made it possible to provide a high filtration flux. Furthermore, the long term running test was carried out at the flux of more than 2m^3/m^2/day in the condition of backwash by permeate containing dissolved ozone of 7mg/L. And quality of filtrate of the MF module constantly satisfied the Japanese standard for drinking water.

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The discharge into the sea of chemical substances or tank washings contains such substances should be prohibited to protect marine environment from pollution produced by ships. Using much water to wash the tank is a burden to a shipping service and it needs heavy cost and much fuel for the incineration. Therefore a method of the reduction of the wash water is considered. The washing with a water jet is studied experimentally. As the result, the relation the wash water quantity and the content of the residue in washing discharge is obtained. When the angular velocity of water jet nozzle is 41° and the water pressure is low, the quantity of washing water can be reduced.

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Removal of cadmium ion using a hollow fiber module is investigated experimentally, and organic extractant is applied to enhance the removal rate. The roles of pH, flow rates of tube and shell sides, initial concentration of cadmium ion and coexisting metals are investigated to find an optimum operating condition of the module. The experimental outcome indicates that best performance is yielded with pH of 4 and the flow rate of aqueous phase in tube side flow controls mass transfer rate. In addition, the initial concentration of 100ppm gives the best removal. Effect of coexisting component is negligible except Zn and Cu when both of them are present at the same time

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Methane fermentation system has been developed fro recycling specific organic wastes at local area. In this study, methane fermentation efficiency of mixed liquor between garbage and cattle waste can be examine. Results are useful to design methane fermentation plants adapting the change of composition of local area wastes. Another subject for the system construction is to reduce the burden of methane fermentation. Thereupon, developing the method that removes the nitrogen and H_2S from the treated water and biogas, it is wished to reduce costs and manpower of maintenance.

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This papers describes a low running cost treatment system for livestock excreta with anaerobic membrane bioreactor. There are a lot of livestock excreta in Japan. Most of that are used for compost. However in the area which the supply of compost exceeds the demand, they need waste water treatment system. Conventional waste water treatment methods are in need of high running cost. So we developed a treatment system for livestock excreta with anaerobic membrane bioreactor and we could succeed in cutting down 30% of running cost.

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The total power consumption of sewage treatment plants in Japan consists of 0.7% of that of Japan as a whole. Therefore, from a greenhouse effect prevention point of view, it is important to reduce the energy consumption of blowers in sewage treatment plants to reduce CO_2 emission. The Ultra Fine Bubble Diffuser is made of a special membrane punched with many small holes, which enables the generation of ultra-fine bubbles. This enables the Diffuser to have a very high oxygen transfer efficiency, leading to the reduction of required air for the activated sludge process and the reduction of power consumption of the blower. In this paper, the structure and features of the Ultra Fine Bubble Diffuser, along with a case study of an actual application, are introduced.

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The remediation of VOC contaminated soil and underground water has been an social problem nationwide. We recently developed a new water treatment system for VOCs abatement by using a combination technology of aeration and combustion. In this system, VOC contaminated water is at first aerated to get VOCs out of water. The VOCs containing air is premixed with city gas and then burned. Combustion heat is used to warm the untreated water, so that the water is aerated around the temperature of 40℃. Comparing with the exiting treatment method of activated carbon adsorption, this system has higher VOCs removal rates without generating industry wastes. The burned gas was analyzed to check the concentration of dioxins and unburned VOCs.

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Recently, the situation of air pollution centering on an urban area aggravates at the crossing of the trunk road. This paper describes purification system for NO_x and SPM using water adsorption by the bubble column. The system considers that such a local pollution area is a fixed generation source. In this experimental, it is experimented on supersonic wave for minuteness of air bubbles, oxidization of NO on low concentration by Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF) and diffusing cylinder for cutbacks of energy. As a result, supersonic wave aim at the increase in gas-liquid contact area by minuteness of air bubbles fine. Supersonic wave for minuteness is uncertain and used large energy, so the improvement in system efficiency is not expectable. Catalytic oxidation of NO to NO_2 on ACF is not identified, but the effect as adsorbent is done. We recognize that use of the diffusing cylinder improve the system efficiency. But compared with other methods, it is low, and there will be room of research from now on.

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Electrical discharge process using corona is effective in reducing particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) of diesel engine exhaust. We experimentally evaluate the application of DC corona discharge reactor to reduce the PM and NOx from diesel exhaust. Particulate trapping in a corona reactor can be accomplished by electrostatic precipitation. The accumulated PM on a nichrome electrode of reactor can be regenerated by the controlled burning process. In a corona reactor, NO is oxidized to NO_2 and NO_2 reacts with H_2O contained in exhaust. NOx decreases as a result of HNO_3 formation in a reactor. HNO_3 is neutralized on the filter paper contained alkali. A corona reactor consists of cylindrically-shaped outer electrode made of stainless steel and central electrode made of rolled nichrome wire. Dimensions of prototype reactors are ID×length=φ27×160,φ54×320,a flow rate of 14l/min, resulted in space velocity of about 9200 and 1250/hr. In this study, the effects of corona voltage, current and the space velocity of reactor on the soot collection efficiency and the NOx removal efficiency are investigated. Also discussed is the particle size distribution of soot collected by a reactor. Experimental results show that 1) a corona discharge reactor is capable of reducing both diesel particulates and NOx simultaneously, 2) Nano-particles less than φ0.5μm can be removed by a corona process.

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A technique for removing the NOx contained in combustion exhaust gas has been developed by using radicals produced in the mixing arc plasma. By feeding the gas mixture (N_2+NH_3), (N_2+C_nH_m) into arc plasma torch, ammonia and diesel oil radicals such as NH_2,NH, HC, N, H are produced, and these radicals are mixed in a reactor with the simulated exhaust gas (N_2+NO), (N_2+Air+NO). The NO decreases as a result of the formation of the innocuous products N_2,H_2O and CO_2 when O_2 is not contained in the gas. Under present experimental conditions, the thermal De-NOx process and the oxidation of ammonia, Diesel oil are not expected. In the case of the gas (N_2+Air+NO), NOx increases with increasing input power to plasma. The effects of input power, molar ratio NH_3/NO, C_nH_m/NO, and the distance from nozzle exit to exhaust pipe L/d on the NOx removal rate are investigated experimentally.

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Combustion experiments using a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor were performed to elucidate the influence of chlorine content in model wastes in a different combustion temperature on homologue profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) during incineration. As the Cl content in the model waste increased, CO concentration in flue gas and the amount of PCDD/Fs formed increased and the homologue profiles of PCDD/Fs were shifted toward higher chlorinated species. When the combustion temperature was low, the CO concentration and the amount of PCDD/Fs formed decreased. Additionally, their homologue profiles were shifted toward lower chlorinated species. The degree of chlorination of PCDD/Fs becomes low with the combustion temperature. This is caused by the changes of combustion reactions in the furnace, which lead to the changes of CO concentration in flue gas. Combustion reactions have a greater influence on the homologue profiles of PCDD/Fs than the amount of chlorine supplied.

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We experimentally evaluate a performance and exhaust emissions of a four stroke direct injection diesel engine operating on water-fuel emulsions. Four types of water emulsified fuels of diesel fuel and biomass based fuels are produced after the suitable selection of emulsifier. The ratio of water to fuel oil was changed by volume from 0 to 30%. We use JIS # 2 diesel fuel, diesel fuel containing 50% volume waste food-oil (Blend 50), waste food-oil containing 50% volume polystyrene pylolysis oil, and soybean oil methyl ester (VDF) as tested fuels. The combustion characteristics and emissions such as NOx, CO, HC, HCHO, O_2,CO_2 and smoke, particle size distribution are compared with the case of diesel fuel. We found that (i) the CO emissions of water-emulsified fuels are higher than diesel fuel especially in the low load range. (ii) the NOx emissions of water-emulsified fuels are lower than diesel fuel in the almost load range, and smoke, PM emissions of water-emulsified fuels are lower than diesel fuel. (iii) fuel consumptions of engine operating on water-emulsified fuels are lower than original fuel in the whole engine operating range.

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We experimentally evaluate a performance and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder, four stroke direct injection diesel engine operating on diesel fuel containing 50% volume waste food-oil (Blend 50) as tested fuels. The combustion characteristics, emissions such as NOx, CO, smoke were compared with the case of JIS # 2 diesel fuel. Experimental results indicated that the Blend 50 were usable as alternative fuel for diesel engine and Blend 50 were available for a treatment process of the waste food-oil. In present study, fuel additives such as cetane improver and combustion improver were used for improving the combustion efficiency and reducing the unburned component in exhaust.

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Combustibility of heavy oil was investigated with high temperature air combustion technology. The combustion with low NOx and soot emission was achieved even using heavy oil C and LCO as fuels. Strong luminous flame observed at high air ratio enlarged became transparent with some pale luminous flame at low air ratio. The NOx emission level for the combustion of heavy oil C was &acd;100ppm keeping the low soot emission level. Introducing the high temperature (&acd;1000℃) steam could decrease the NOx emission even in the combustion of heavy oil C. Under the low NOx combustion condition, uniform distribution of temperature ure was confirmed.

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CEM (Continuous Emission Monitoring) techniques need to be developed for the appropriate control of volatile heavy metals contained in the flue gas from waste incineration. LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) is one of the promising methods for the real-time and in situ measurement of trace elements in gas. All elements existing in laser-induced plasma are excited and radiate lights in their own line spectrum. And they enable the identification and quantification of each element. In order to gain a foothold in the online measurement of cadmium in flue gas by LIBS, the mid-gut gland of scallop that is known as waste product having an extremely higher concentration of cadmium was selected as the combustion sample. The transient change of cadmium emission from mid-gut gland combustion was continuously analyzed by LIBS.

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Eleven continuous measurements of N_2O were done for 6 incinerators in 7&acd;14 days for each measuring period. N_2O emission was much changed with operation condition of incinerator. This result suggests that determination of N_2O emission factor by grab sampling or short term measurement may have low certainty. N_2O emission was almost determined by the highest freeboard temperature of the incinerator. Average N_2O emission factor 11 measurements was 792 g-N_2O/t-WS. Operation data of 17 incinerators was analyzed and N_2O emission factors were estimated by using a correlation between the highest freeboard temperature and conversion of N in sludge to N_2O. Average N_2O emission factor of 17 units was estimated as 696 g-N_2O/t-WS. This value was almost same as the value obtained by our field measurements. Japan's annual N_2O inventory from the sewage sludge incineration by fluidized bed incinerator was estimated as 2.6Gg-N_2O year.

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In recent years, the penetration of air conditioners and office automation facilities increase the electric power demand disparities among seasons and even for daytime and nighttime uses in Japan. The ice thermal storage air conditioner is a system which shifts a part of power consumption of daytime into nighttime. This thesis will propose the effective method of using the individual distributed thermal storage air conditioner in order to level the load simultaneously with energy saving.

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The ice thermal storage system has influence on energy consumption, especially the amount of one. In order to survey this effect, the amount of energy consumption and CO_2 emission were calculated concerning two systems, the ice thermal storage system and the conventional one. The result shows that the cooling mode of operation utilizing nighttime ice thermal storage is energy saving in comparison with the conventional cooling mode of operation without thermal storage.

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This paper describes evaluation results on energy consumption of Ice Thermal Storage Type Packaged Air Conditioners. Evaluation was performed using daily COP. The cycle using the same outdoor unit was examined and the conditions from which a thermal storage system becomes energy saving were clarified, and the simulation showed that it was energy saving. Moreover, it was shown that thermal storage system become energy saving, so that piping length between outdoor unit and indoor unit was long. It was also shown that the products of our company could cut down the CO_2 emissions.

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In this paper, droplet behavior due to direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids including evaporation of droplet and freezing of bulk liquid has been investigated experimentally and theoretically, using R134a droplet in ethylene glycol water solution. The behavior of a droplet with its evaporation and freezing of bulk liquid depends on the initial diameter and the dimensionless temperature, and it is divided into five types, based on the evaporation types and the freezing types. The behavior of the droplet including freezing depends on the freezing type divided into partial freezing and perfect freezing. Heat transfer in perfect freezing becomes lower than that in partial freezing because the freezing layer occurring in perfect freezing reduces the liquid-liquid direct heat transfer having a higher heat transfer coefficient.

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Freezing phenomenon of the distilled water including dissolved air has been investigated experimentally. The Ice layer including air depends on the freezing direction and the freezing rate. In case of the freezing from the bottom side, the layer was divided into three patterns; ice layer involving many small bubbles, ice layer involving muscle-shaped bubbles and transparent ice layer. In case of the freezing from the top side, it was divided into two patterns except the transparent ice layer. The diameter of air bubble trapped in ice layer was related to the freezing rate. The effect of air mass dissolved in water on the freezing was discussed only in phenomenological.

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A method to making ice slurry is one of key technology for cold-energy storage system. This study has been performed to study the use of ultrasonic vibration to remove the crystal-ice layer formed on the cooled plate continuously. In the experiments, ethylene glycol solution was used. It is found that the ice layer is removed at the region that amplitude of displacement caused by ultrasonic wave is large, but it accumulates at the region that amplitude is small. The ice making process is calssified into four characteristic patterns; stable ice making, remove-deposition type ice making, no-remove type ice making, and no ice making. The characteristics of ice making were discussed with the temperature of cooled plate and the solute concentration.

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An experimental study has been performed to clarify the pressure drop characteristics of a newly proposed hybrid type of gas-to-gas heat exchanger, which has heat transfer surfaces made up of porous metal plates and/or finned walls. As a first step to conduct detained investigations on that subject, a series of experiments have been carried out using a three-layered type of gas-to-gas heat exchanger under an isothermal flow condition. From the experiments, fundamental pressure drop characteristics have been clarified on the system with zigzag fin walls along with those on the system with bare walls. Further correspondence between the pressure drop characteristics and the previously measured temperature distributions in the heat exchanger and the total heat recovery rate is also shown.

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A hybrid air conditioning system consists of a gas engine as a driving source and a hybrid refrigerator which can be driven by waste heat and motive power simultaneously. It can improve the efficiency of the gas engine heat pump greatly because it uses waste heat from the gas engine. This paper aims to estimate the performance of this hybrid air conditioning system by the simulation. The objective hybrid refrigerator is composed of the single-effect absorption type and single-stage compression type refrigerator. The working fluids are not shared for each refrigerator. The static simulation model of the hybrid air conditioning system is constructed and the performance is investigated using this model. To evaluate the system performance, the heat and power ratio is used. As a result of the simulation, higher performance part load can be realized by making the heat and power ratio of the hybrid refrigerator agree with that of gas engine.

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Feasibility of a novel environment symbiotic micro cogeneration system for residential purpose has been investigated for Sustainable Marine City that we call SuMaC. SuMaC is a fictitious reclaimed island (800-900 ha) on Osaka bay coastal zone with 39,000 residents. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out for the micro cogeneration systems consisting of a micro gas turbine, a micro gas engine and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell as topping and a single effect absorption chiller as a bottoming, in which natural energies are highly utilized. And their performances and efficiencies were predicted quantitatively. Total efficiency of the system exceeds 80% when the micro gas turbine or micro gas engine was used as a prime mover. And feasibility of the proposed environment symbiotic micro cogeneration systems were verified by computer simulation.

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It is important for energy conservation to utilize discharged heat. Because heat sources are not always located near heat demand, transporting heat is required to connect them. The objective of this paper is investigating a novel way of cooling power transportation based on absorption cycle. In contrast with conventional way such as transporting chilled water, this technique circulates absorption solution between the generator located at heat source side and the remote absorber at demand side. Since the system transport thermal energy converted into concentration change, it has some merits of no insulation and smaller diameter of the pipeline compared with conventional one. Experiments of heat transportation were conducted to measure the performance. Especially new technique of condensing heat recovery was examined in order to improve the COP. Experimental results indicate condensing heat recovery gives the same cooling power as the cycle without the recovery while the COP increases slightly.

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Silica gel-water Adsorption refrigeration cycle has the advantage that the cycle is driven by waste heat at near ambient temperature, however, the performance of cycle is low. For improvement of the performance, adsorption refrigeration cycle with mass recovery process was studied by Pons (1999). In the study, 4bed adsorption refrigeration cycle with mass recovery is presented. The cycle is applied to silica gel-water pair and uses hot and cooling water with cascading. COP value and cooling capacity of the cycle were calculated with computational analysis and compared with conventional cycles. The mass recovery cycle has the advantage for conventional cycles if the chilled water outlet temperature of each cycle is same value.

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The study aims at investigating the performance of silica gel-water single-double combined adsorption refrigeration cycle. The rejected waste heat from the conventional single-stage adsorption chiller is usually purged to the drain. The heat that rejected from the single stage, however, can be used for regeneration of a two-stage chiller because two-stage chiller can utilize relatively low temperature heat source to drive the system. Single-Double combined adsorption refrigeration cycle can provide higher performance. Due to cascaded use of heat source, the cooling capacity of the proposed cycle is expected to be higher than that of the existing refrigeration cycle. The performance that predicted by cycle simulation is compared with the performances of conventional single stage and double stage cycles. The results show that the proposed cycle improves cooling capacity significantly in driving source temperature between 65℃ and 80℃. Single-Double combined cycle is effective if heat source temperature is middle.

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Recently, the rise of the concern about an environmental problem or an energy problem is asked for the low-emission and low fuel-efficient car. As solution, the development and the spread of cars using a fossil fuel, which used electricity directly, are directly expected. Then, in order to develop a small electric powered vehicle, we purpose of drastic and manufactured for Ultra Lightweight Concept Vehicle (ULV) by the development technology. we purpose of drastic curtailment of consumption energy, therefore the design is added necessary minimum entrainment space of the WEM vehicle. The result, we could Power consumption is cut down 64% and 1 charge mileage is 66km from a test-drive result.

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Recently, the rise of the concern about an environmental problem or an energy problem is asked for the low-emission and low fuel-efficient car. As solution, the development and the spread of cars using a fossil fuel, which used electricity directly, are directly expected. Then, in order to develop a small electric powered vehicle, we purpose of a further performance is the vehicle for energy saving competition "World Econo Move (WEM)" We carried out for charge of a battery by the putting in hot water, regeneration of energy by capacitors. The result, we could slowdown energy is cut down 6% by the regeneration, and thereby increase the mileage at 0.6km compared to the last year.

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For the purpose of reducing air-pollution and CO_2 exhaust by automobiles the development of electric vehicles, namely EV have been positively performed widely, which may promise hereafter effective use of fuel consequently. At the same time, electric double layer capacitors, say EDLC's have been also developed as one of promising energy storage devices. Then, in this paper electric power generated by the related motor in the braking process is proved to be charged in the EDLC with high efficiency. Also, the subsequent experiments confirm that the charged power works effectively for EV accelaration, which means realization of regenerative brake system. In addition, outline of driving tests by a trial EV can be seen here together with several results related to the tests.

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In order to examine possibility of energy recycling of waste PET-bottles, a commercial LPG-fueled ceramic burner has first been improved to burn PET-resin powder as an auxiliary fuel. In this paper, under the fixed conditions of a total heat input of 11.6 kW and an overall equivalence ratio of 0.8,combustion characteristics of the improved burner are experimentally investigated both in the open atmosphere an in the model furnace by varying a replacement rate of PET-powder up to 55%. According to the results obtained in the open atmosphere burner operation, it is found that the improved burner leaves an appreciable amount of PET-powder unburnt, due to insufficient heat supply during the passage of PET-powder within the burner tile and intense cooling, and that the unburnt rate increases in proportional to the replacement rate. In the in-furnace operation, on the other hand, no PET-powder is detected after the operation under a replacement rate of 30%, and the improved burner exhibits fine combustion properties comparable to the original LPG-fueled ceramic burner, being experimental certification of possibility and availability of the proposed idea.

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In order to utilize chemical properties of recycled plastic resin as hydro-carbon fuel for industrial burner systems, a commercial LPG-fueled ceramic burner has been improved to burn plastic resin powder as an auxiliary fuel. Within the range of a replacement rate of PET-resin powder of 0 &acd; 30%, the proposed twin-fueled burner exhibited reasonable combustion characteristics in the in-furnace operation. In this paper, two kinds of plastic resin powder; polyethylene terephthalate resin, PET-powder, and polyethylene resin, PE-powder, are employed as auxiliary fuels and effects of the kind of plastic resin on the out-of-furnace and in-furnace combustion characteristics are investigated under a constant replacement rate of 30% and a constant total heat input of 11.6 kW, while the overall equivalence ratio is varied in the range of 0.63 &acd; 1.4. It is found that the in-furnace operation using PET-resin powder exhibits better combustion properties and controllability of reducing atmosphere than that using PE-resin Powder.

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Benzene is a carcinogen and a chemistry substance with many amounts of emission. The main sources are considered to be auto mobile exhaust gases. Therefore, it is thought that the benzene concentration near the road is high and its amount of exposure of the residents who live there is also large. Then, by the tank experiment and numerical simulation with considering building structure near national road No.43 at Ashiya City, benzene concentration around the roadside was presumed, and the number of cancers patients by benzene was computed.

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Air pollutions in big cities are still serious issues in all countries. The nitrogen oxides and diesel smokes from automobiles especially diesel engine cars are main concern in urban street canyons, where tall buildings along the street block wind and ventilation is very poor. Moreover, in some urban street in Japan, toll roads are running over them and ventilation mechanism may be worsened more. In this study, air flow and diffusion of pollutant in street canyons were simulated numerically, and the effects of the upper road on pollutant diffusions were examined. The numerical simulations showed that a stable clear vortex is formed in the street canyon when the street width and building height were almost equal. Where as when the building height is higher than the street width the canyon vortex became weak and dim. The effects of elevated road on gas diffusion from ground levels street was estimated to be weak.

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The air pollution in a city region has not been improved fully yet. Especially, the rate of achievement of environmental quality standard achievement of NOx or SPM cannot yet grasp the tendency of an improvement in an urban area where the heavy traffic roads and the highways are concentrated. For this reason, autonomy and road administrator are planning to introduce air purifiers and investigating the effect of such facilities. This research aims to clarify suitable placement, performance assessment and improvement of compact air purifier (act as denitrification and dust precipitator). In this study, simulation of wake flow induces by a truck and automobile emitted NO transport and diffusion were numerically simulated by two dimensional model.

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In recent years, the needs of the risk assessment to increasing chemical substances such as trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, benzene, etc are required. The chemical substances are mainly discharged in the atmosphere from the exhaust pipes or the stacks attached to the factory houses. The pollutants emitted from low stacks are affected by near buildings or the building on which exhaust pipes are attached and sometimes it causes high level pollution in neighbouring area. In this study, atmospheric diffusions of chemical substance emitted from a low stack on a building roof was studied numerically for various buildings and stack conditions, and compared with the results of the analytical model METI-LIS.

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It is important to estimate an instantaneous high concentration for a combustible gas or an odor gas diffusion. To develop a prediction method of instantaneous high concentration in highly turbulent region nearby buildings, wind tunnel tests are conducted. As a building model, a cube is adopted. As a tracer, ethane is released from an outlet at the top of the cube or a stack behind the cube. The time series concentration data are measured around and in the downstream of the cube with a high-speed-hydro-carbon meter. From the data, time averaged concentration, variances of concentration, probability density functions and intermittencies are investigated. Irrespective of the source or receptor position, the probability density functions of the concentration become the log normal distribution except for the area where the intermittency is high.

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To develop a prediction method of instantaneous high concentration in a highly turbulent region nearby buildings, numerical simulations are carried out, The standard k-ε model is employed as a turbulent model. The transport equation for the standard deviation of concentration is calculated as well as the transport equation of concentration. Through the validation, irrespective of the source position, the time-averaged concentration distributions by the numerical simulation agree with the result of the wind tunnel tests will. The reproducibility of the distributions of the standard deviation depend on the source position. For the cases which the standard deviation is reproduced will, an instantaneous high concentration can be predicted from the time-averaged concentration, the standard deviation of the concentration and the probability density function which is obtained in the part one of this study.

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