When a sport management major was established at a midwestern United States university of approximately 17,000 students, the academic advising program associated with it evolved in accord with many of the elements of Frank's Four Stage Model of Academic Advising Program Development (Frank, 1988). This paper identifies the four developmental stages and presents solutions to problems associated with each stage. It is recommended that one of the most important elements of Frank's Model is institutional recognition of academic advising.

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The leaders have supported the maintenance or development of sport groups in community. Therefore, leaders' behavior have discussed several points of view. In this paper, it was analyzed that the possibility and meanings of the transformation of leaders' behavior. The key word was 'group age' which was defined as the mean term of members' belonging to the groups. Panel survey was conducted in 1986 and 1989. 60 samples of leaders and 716 samples of members were collected by questionnaires. The main results were as follows: 1. Leaders' initiating innovation and goal attainment which were two dimentions within the five dimentions of leaders' behavior were influenced by group age. And, the others were not influenced by group age. The effectiveness of leaders' goal attainment were higher in low-aged-groups. While, leaders' initiating innovation influenced negatively in low-aged-groups. 2. Non-institutional structure which was behavioral environment perceived by members was operationally defined such dimentions as relationship orientation-task orientation and maintenance orientation-innovation orientation. On the first dimention, relationship orientation-task orientation, significant correlation did not find with group age. On another dimention, maintenance orientation-innovation orientation, it found that there were signi-ficantly positive correlation between group age and non-institutional structure. And, the higher group age became, the higher degree of maintenance orientation became. 3. Every dimentions of leaders' behavior did not transform so easy. Especially, consider-ation and goal attainment which were two dimentions of leaders' behavior were relatively difficult to transform. But, these two dimentions of behavior were relatively easy to trans-form in low-aged-groups. Leaders who perceived the need of change about consideration transformed their behavior positively rather than others. These results indicated that the framework of the theory of managerial behavior and the concepts of organizational psychology were useful to analyze the process of sport groups.

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First, the author describes Shimizu's operational concept of "Task Environment". And the author presents two problems concerning with Shimizu's concept (1) that Shimizu's concept dosen't give any attention to the relationship of Task Environment and Organizational Structure, (2) that Shimizu's concept dosen't refer to Multi-layered Structure of cognition in the cognitive process of Task Environment The author discusses the two problems on the view point of Simon's Decision-making Theory, Infomation-processing Paradigm, Theory of Information-creation, Theory of duetro learning, Kagono's Epistemology of Organization. Main results are as follows. 1) Members of organization are never concerned with "whole" problem in all its complexity, but always with "parts" of the problem, because of human's cognitive limits of rationality. Distributed part of problem to one menber sets limits to his field of Task Environment 2) There are two type of Information-creation, (1) within the limits of his distributed field of problem, (2) beyond the limits of his one. Innovation based on the Infomation - creation beyond the limits needs bargaining with many other units of its organization, so that it influences the whole structure of decisions in the organization.

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