Adolescence can be a difficult time for young people as they first begin to think seriously about such questions as "Who am I?" and "Who do I want to be?" Adolescents often struggle to discover and find their own identity. If an adolescent child emigrates from one culture to another, their identity formation becomes even more complex. In this paper, I present the final part of a longitudinal study which seeks to describe the identity formation of descendants of Japanese displaced at the end of World War II in China. The participants in this study were displaced Japanese who emigrated to Japan in early adolescence. I interviewed four participants at three separate times: (1) after 10 years in Japan, (2) after 18 years in Japan, and (3) after 24 years in Japan. The responses from the four participants indicated that they were still struggling with various aspects of their social identities, even after 24 years of residence in Japan. In this paper I hope to shed light on some of these struggles.

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This paper aims to clarify what kind of 'Ibasho' [literally, 'one's own place in the world'] have been formed or tried to be formed by each member of the NGO: Organization of United Korean Youth Japan. Different generations were focused on and analyzed in order to highlight the diversity of the definition for 'Ibasho'. There are three generations: the first generation refers to those who were involved in the setup of the Zainichi Korean Youth Association and were at the center of activities just after it was set up; the second generation refers to those who are responsible for the main activities of the Zainichi Korean Youth Association after its name change and are involved in history and human rights lectures and social activities; the third generation refers to those who are members mainly for language learning and meeting people. The definition of 'Ibasho' was examined according to these three generations.
The research involved semi-structured interviews of seven people in total including old members and current members. It was found that the formation point of 'Ibasho' and its definition differed among all generations, and that each 'Ibasho' was isolated from the others. However, each 'Ibasho' was not fixed and it also became clear that there was some conflict between each generation to obtain their 'Ibasho'.

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This paper attempts to construct a measurement scale of social perspective capital to determine the subjective affluence of the local community, and examines the validity of the scale. By constructing the scale, I consider how locality is linked to the happiness and life satisfaction of residents. First, I defined the construct of social perspective capital by applying the concept of time perspective theory. Next, I interviewed 17 men and women and created a 98-item pilot version from the results of the interviews. This pilot version was then administered to a sample of 1392 subjects. The results from the factor analysis identified five subscales: (1) convenience of living, (2) community participation, (3) energy for change, (4) human relations of community, and (5) network of friends. Correlation analyses of the questions related to happiness and other authors' comparison scales showed that all subscales are linked to the happiness of local residents.

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This study seeks to clarify the motives of local NGO/NPOs and the changes within their acceptance processes when they receive foreign volunteers. With the aim of nurturing their students to become global citizens, the number of universities that dispatch students overseas for service learning and field work is increasing. Their destinations include both advanced countries and developing countries. The students who engage in intercultural exchange with the staff of local NGO/NPOs are then able to enhance their own education. The programs' effects on the students have already been researched on and reported in many studies, while the outcomes on the local NGO/NPOs that receive them have not yet been examined. To develop a reciprocal relationship between the two sides, it is important to also understand the motives of the NGO/NPOs and the process of their acceptance of foreign volunteers. This research clarifies why and how local NGO/NPOs have been receiving foreign volunteers, through interviews of NGO/NPOs in Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines.

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This study explores how intercultural sensitivity is embodied in terms of people's perception and evaluation of cultural differences in Japan, through the use of Milton Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS). DMIS assumes that a person applies his "peak" experience of intercultural sensitivity to any level or category of culture. This paper particularly focuses on the recognition of national cultural difference out of the three levels of culture (nation, region, profession/organization) that were originally prepared for the study. The questionnaire was constructed and based on qualitative interviews. 1000 subjects residing in Japan answered the internet survey. As a result of factor analysis, 7 factors including 6 subscales were extracted: F1=Overcoming Difference (F1-1=Blurring, F1-2=Positive Attitude); F2=Non-engagement with Difference (F2-1=Refusal, F2-2=Escape); F3=Allowance of Difference (F3-1=Compromise, F3-2=Respect); F4=lnternalization of Difference; F5=Cancellation of Difference; F6=Sense of Not-belonging; and F7=Admiration for Difference. Connections between factors and DMIS were found, while some distinct characteristics that illustrated the embodiment of intercultural sensitivity in Japan were also recognized.

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This paper aims to assess the situation regarding foreign schoolchildren's non-attendance in schools in Japan. Few attempts have so far been made to conduct research on this topic due to the difficulty in ascertaining the number of students who are not on the register in schools.
The methodology seeks to determine the number of non-attending foreign schoolchildren through the use of questionnaire surveys sent by e-mail to the Boards of Education. The survey targets were persons involved in educational administration and other researchers of foreign schoolchildren's non-attendance.
We arrived at the conclusion that there were few prefectures which held information about the number of non-attending foreign schoolchildren. This is a serious problem that will need to be addressed in the future.

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