This study assessed the biological reaction to bathing in adults with acute myocardial infarction (AMI group, n=19) treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and compared the results with those in healthy individuals of the same age (n=19). The bathing procedures followed were generally safe ; subjects were immersed in water at a temperature of 40℃ up to the fourth intercostal space for two 3-min durations, with a 2 min 30s interval for washing the body (for a total of 15 min). Blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic nerve activity, oral temperature, visual analogue scale score, and Borg indices were used to evaluate bathing. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in all these indices except blood pressure. Detailed analysis of individual data revealed an increase in systolic blood pressure of ＞30mmHg after the first bath in two individuals in the healthy group and six individuals in the AMI group. Furthermore, although there was no marked change in blood pressure, premature ventricular contraction (PVC) occurred in three individuals in the AMI group soon after bathing. Although PVC was relatively mild (Lown classification 2) in these patients, a mild dysfunction was found in the left ventricular ejection fraction. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the abnormal findings observed after bathing in these AMI patients remain unclear, these results suggest that it is important to thoroughly understand hemodynamics and pathological condition before bathing to develop safer bathing methods.

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　The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of resting, hot packs of knee, music listening, combination of hot packs and music listening (combination care) in healthy 8 women. They were randomly received 4 types of care. The influence of care were evaluated by concentration of s-IgA, secretion rate of s-IgA, cortisol, heart rate variability (HRV), tense arousal in the Japan UWIST mood adjective check list (JUMACL) and visual analog scale of comfort (comfort VAS). These indicators were measured before and after treatments were administered.　At the end of the hot packs, music listening and combination care increased significantly concentration of s-IgA, Resting and combination care increased significantly secretion rate of s-IgA. Therefore combination care only could increase both concentration and secretion rate of s-IgA. Cortisol was no significant change. HRV during rest was significant change. All types of care improved significantly JUMACL and comfort VAS.　In conclusion, all types care can provide comfort in healthy women. Then, combination care suggested that make them stimulation of the comfort, and increase the immune competence than hot pack, music listening care alone. And furthermore, when subjects were just semi-Fowler’s position, their secretion rate of s-IgA, HRV and psychological index were significant change. Therefore, just resting made improve the mood.　Future we have to examine the effects of the care for pain relief in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

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　We examined the effects of foot bath use in inpatients complaining of sleeplessness, particularly in those with difficulty in falling asleep and nocturnal awakening.
　We measured subjective sleep quality, heart rate, heart rate variability (high-frequency power (HF) and ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power (LF/HF)), and factors associated with sleep and awakening with a wrist activity meter.
　With regard to subjective sleep quality of the inpatients (four men, 53.0±9.4 years old) that complained of difficulty falling asleep, total scores of subjective opinion regarding sleep and “falling asleep and sleep maintenance” were significantly higher in the footbath treatment (FB) groups compared to the non-footbath treatment control (CT) (p ＜0.05). Furthermore, heart rate was significantly lower in the FB than CT groups after lights out and after falling sleep (p ＜0.05), and LF/HF which expresses sympathetic nervous activity was significantly lower in FB than CT after falling sleep (p ＜0.05). The heart rate of the inpatients (four men, 57.8±10.3 years old) who complaining of nocturnal awakening was significantly lower in FB than CT after lights out and after falling sleep (p ＜0.05), but the difference in LF/HF between the two groups was not statistically significant. HF expressing parasympathetic nerve activity was significantly higher in FB than CT after lights out (p ＜0.05).
　The results of this study indicated that footbath treatment was more effective against sleeplessness in inpatients with difficulty falling asleep than in those with nocturnal awakening.

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　The purpose of this study was to describe the concrete situations in which patients got out of bed after colorectal surgery.
　Data were collected from participant observations of the behavior of five patients following Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, which recommend them being out of bed for two hours on the day of surgery and six hours a day thereafter. Observations were conducted for each patient for four consecutive days, from the day of surgery through the third postoperative day, at one hospital each in Japan and England.
　Based on these observations, patients’ actions were classified into 12 activities, including eating a meal, going to the restroom, and interacting with others. Patients could get out of bed when they recognized the necessity of early mobilization, when they did not have any pain, nausea, or dizziness, and when their actions were not restricted by tubes attached to their body. Furthermore, they felt encouraged to be mobile when there were places to go to other than bed, materials making it possible to spend time being out of bed, interactions with individuals other than healthcare workers, and situations in which they had no choice but to get out of bed.
　In conclusion, these findings suggest that early mobilization after surgery can be achieved not only by urging patients to walk but also by urging patients to leave the bed in order to pursue activities of daily living. In addition, efforts should be made to improve the clinical environment of patients.

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