A literature survey was performed using the scoping review method proposed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). We aimed to clarify the following points: i ) how nurses with proficient observation skills employ their gaze across a variety of situations, and ii ) to find research studies that explore the possible connection between gaze and attention. The literature databases used were as follows: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane, Igaku Chuo Zasshi, and CiNii. The search was conducted with the following search keywords: “nurse,” “gaze,” “eye movement,” and “eye movement measurement.” As a result, seven pieces of international literature and 14 pieces of literature from Japan were identified. Nurses with proficient observation skills tended to gaze on more important areas and also to concentrate their gaze on the patient’s face. While many studies were conducted with simulated environments, still images, and videos, the validity of these task settings were rarely evaluated. Furthermore, we failed to find studies that take attention, one of the important components of observation into consideration, thereby highlighting the need for research on how attention is directed in this area.

　Purpose: This study aims to examine the optimal posture with arm down at the time of peripheral venous cannulation. To establish this, the study compared the venous dilatation effects of different angles of head up tilt.
　Participants and Methods: Twenty healthy females in their 20s and 30s with normal BMI enrolled in the study. We measured basic data (age, height, weight, BMI, arm circumference, thickness of triceps subcutaneous fat, blood pressure, and body temperature) and venous factors (cross-sectional area, depth, and venous perimeter, vertical and horizontal diameters of veins), and visual and palpable degrees of vein distension at various postures (avascularization in the supine position, avascularization at head up tilt angles 30, 45, and 90 degrees).
　Results: The posture that showed the largest vasodilation was the head up tilt angle of 90 degrees with avascularization; with significant increases or decreases in all venous factors.

　The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic prevented undergraduate nursing students in Japan to visit hospitals, compelling them to undertake their clinical training at their universities. Considering these circumstances, we implemented a simulation exercise involving a total two exercises based on situations requiring responses to patient’s unexpected conditions, as part of the Nursing Process Practicum (Basic Nursing Practice: 1 credit). After completion of the course, a questionnaire was distributed to 99 students (response rate: 38.4%) to assess the potential and future challenges of these simulation exercises. The results revealed differing perceptions of the two observed simulations. For the first exercise, the students reported learning about the occurrence of unexpected situations and the importance of reacting promptly in such situations every time. Regarding the second exercise, the students stated that they had learned how to interact with patients. Furthermore, the implementation of these two simulation exercises helped students to achieve part of this program’s goals in achieving the program’s objective of developing their attitudes as nursing professionals. These findings suggest that this novel approach (using simulation exercises) represents an improvement in the quality of clinical training, and helps address a main challenges of simulation education, that is, how to incorporate the reality of clinical practice in nursing education.

　This study investigated the effects of adding ten seconds of application time and a method of spreading and applying towels to suppress heat vaporization to a back bed bath using disposable towels, based on skin temperature and subjective evaluations. Three types of back wiping were performed on 33 healthy adult subjects: (1) wiping without a ten second application time, (2) wiping with a ten second application time, and (3) original wiping with a ten second application time and a unique way of spreading and applying the towel to suppress heat vaporization. Skin temperature was measured and subjective evaluations were made. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA and Friedman tests were conducted. The results showed that the skin temperatures immediately after the ten second application time, and with the wipes unique to this study were higher than before the application of the wipes, and significantly higher than that without the ten second application time (P<.001). In the subjective evaluation, the warmth score of the original clean wipe was significantly higher (P<.001), but there was no significant difference in the pleasantness score. The results suggested that the addition of a ten second application time and the method of spreading and applying towels to a back bed bath using disposable towels increased the skin temperature immediately after wiping, and the addition of a method of covering and applying the towel can be expected to have a subjectively sensed positive effect on the feeling of warmth.

　［Purpose］The purpose of this study was to clarify the symptoms that appear in the fingers of colorectal cancer patients undergoing oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
　［Methods］A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 54 outpatients undergoing oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy at a designated cancer hospital. In addition to retrieving data from the patients’ medical records, we measured their numbness and pain, tactile sensitivity, grip strength, pinch force, chopstick-closing force, and chopstick-picking force. We also interviewed them about their lifestyle habits.
　［Results］All 54 patients reported numbness and pain in their fingers, and 43 of them had chronic symptoms. Twenty-eight had reduced tactile sensitivity of their index fingertips. There was no fixed correlation between tactile sensitivity and grip strength, pinch strength, and strength in using chopsticks to pick up a sachet with rice grains (otedama). However, those with reduced tactile sensitivity had a weaker force for closing chopsticks. Regardless of tactile blunting, male participants had significantly higher grip strength and pinch force. However, no significant differences were found in their ability to handle chopsticks. In addition, seven of the 26 participants (3 males and 4 females) whose tactile sensitivity was normal had been applying nail polish as prophylaxis against neuropathy.
　［Conclusion］Our results suggest that the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in the fingers of cancer patients undergoing oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy were characterized by chronic numbness, reduced tactile sensitivity of the fingertips, and reduced finger muscle strength during fine finger movements, such as using chopsticks.

　This study was conducted to clarify the status of physical contamination resulting from two different undressing methods (a sleeve-first method and a waist-first method) for a plastic apron with sleeves (hereinafter referred to as a “gown”) . Nineteen nursing college students who had already learned gowning techniques were asked to take off a gown according to two different methods after undergoing prior training. The gown was sprayed with an aqueous fluorescent paint as a contaminant before undressing. Areas where the fluorescent paint had adhered to the nurse’s uniform or body after the gown was taken off were designated as contamination sites. The body was divided into 20 different sections and the number of contaminated sections and the presence or absence of contamination after gown removal in each section were compared between the two undressing methods. The results revealed no significant differences in the number of contaminated sections between the two methods, but both methods had a high likelihood of causing contamination to the insides of the left and right forearms and to the left and right palms and backs of the hands. These findings suggested the need to sanitize the hands up to the forearm immediately after removing a gown.

　Since the use of medical tape involves the risk of the skin-tear, it is desirable to elucidate evidence-based best peeling techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine the peel force of medical adhesive tape at different peeling speeds using a bioskin plate as the adherend. Peel testing was conducted using a bioskin plate as the adherend, four types of medical tape as experimental samples, and three tensile speeds (5 mm/sec, 15 mm/sec, and 30 mm/sec) . Gentle Fix, Pore Tape No. 12, and Surgical Tape No. 12 (manufactured by Kyowa) required the lowest peel forces at 5 mm/sec and at 15 mm/sec, respectively. Transpore White Surgical Tape required its lowest peel force at 15 mm/sec. Gentlefix and Pore Tape No. 12 required maximum peel force at 30 mm/sec, Transpore White Surgical Tape at 5 mm/sec, and Surgical Tape No. 12 (Kyowa) at 15 mm/sec.
　This research indicates that tape characteristics should be considered when selecting peeling speed, and required peeling force can be reduced by peeling at an appropriate speed.

　The present study clarified the assessments and nursing practice processes needed to determine whether or not visiting nurses were successful in performing glycerin enema (GE) and digital removal of feces among elderly individuals requiring home nursing. Seven visiting nurses and 17 elderly individuals requiring home nursing who were participating in a program in which the nurses helped the elderly individuals defecate were observed. In addition, a semi-structured interview was held with the nurses. According to the Modified Grounded Theory Approach method, the assessments of GE and digital removal of feces by each nurse were sorted into a flowchart. The results indicated that the nurses assessed the accumulation status and nature of stools by not only physical examinations in the order of measuring vital signs, conducting auscultation, percussion, and palpation of the abdomen, in addition to conducting a rectal examination, but also collecting information on the meals, the last date of defecation, and the amount of stool previously expelled. Following the assessment, nurses considered the likelihood of stool needing expulsion within the appointed time and then decided whether or not a GE or digital removal of feces was necessary. Furthermore, the method of performing digital removal of feces differed depending on the hardness of the stool, with digital rectal stimulation simultaneously performed depending on the hardness of the stool. The nurse explained the situations in which bleeding could be easily induced by a GE or during the digital removal of feces (i.e. situations in which adverse events were likely to occur), including when stools were hard and when a hemorrhoid was present. We need to create a nursing practice model in which nurses can practice glycerin enema and digital removal of feces while avoiding adverse events.