Defining “tourism” concept is undoubtedly of vital importance for the study of tourism phenomena, because it decides and limits the extent which the study ought to cover. Here in the article the author presents and criticises seventeen definitions in the past and the present.

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Generally, when we study the process the process of growth of the tourist Rosort in Japan, we can find three stages in that growth and they could be comparable to Metamorphism which is the biological term. The first stage of that Metamorphism is around 1800 when many “Meishozue” were published and the “Meisho” (famous sigh-seeing points) were established. The second stage is the development of tourist industries and the further development of modern tourist resorts around 1910. The third stage is around 1990, and the time of the “New Resort”, being developed at many places in conjunction with the popularization of leisure.

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The demand for tourism is a non-elastic demand and a minimum necessity in the life, and is uncontrolable. Even in case of the income decrease at economy crisis, people manage to appropriate their money for the expenditure of tourism and leisure by cutting the expenditure of food, drink, clothes, furniture and houses. When the economy in Western Europe was at crisis in and after 1973, the demand for tourism did not decrease but constantly increased. Since the working time will be decreased more and more and the leisure time will be increased at the end of this century, tourism industries would be in boom and become global economic activities for the first time.

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Tourism industry or leisure industry meinly cosist of servece as usualy we called. However comtemparary service concept is changing which is tradetionaly concidered simply filling function for needs. This tendancy especialy is looked in this field. To understand this situation, in this paper tooked them and analysed city travel industry or tourism industry for tryed to identified “hospitality” instead of traditional meaning “service”. In Japan hospitality industry is not usede to general concept. Today hospital ity (helping skill or consult skill) are given to guest rather them service which is in social, technical, information, changing. City development or city function does not attract people without hospitality industry. Dataprocessing or high technology sociaty is decreasing traditional service. Hospitality concept in the tourism industry or leisure industry should be introduced.

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First, tourist resources have been interpreted as the resources to use for tourism. Existence of touristically-tinctured resources will undoubtedly be considered a fundamental factor in the development of the resources. Therefore, stipulating the factor to organize tourism, the resources deserve recognition for high value in tourism, in making the organic character of the resources adaptable to the social environment. Secondly, this paper has shown the classification of tourist resources under a basic notion of a system figured by deviding the resources into natural and cultural ones. Considering the degree of tourists’ expectations to the resources as the mental process, I have placed the four respects: Perception; Novelty; Fusion; and Instinct, in the main theme of its process. Lastly, deliberating upon both the functions of the resources and the communities, I have examined the social bearings of the resources referring to the economic meaning, involving business efficiency, cultural development in life, etc.

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Our aim in this short paper is to clearing tourist’s behavior with the choice of tour commodities as a composite goods, reflecting upon a recent outcome of the economics of uncertainty. In order to attain the above purpose, we examine some decision criterions with respect to the choice of action under uncertainty and attempt the anatomy of tourists in according to the decison criterions of action.

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This paper devoted to construct amodel for indexes, which explain a society and tourismiphaenomena, and relation between society and tour. Then, as example, the society of west-germany is refered.

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The quality of a service shows a wide spread. Among consumers there is general request for official standards for services, which are supplied by so-called service-industries. “The Standard Business Contract”, which is an institution in the “Kan-ei” Law (Law 164 of 1957 on normalization of business conditions of industries relating environmental sanitary) can be used as provisional official standards. This article presents the outline of the Standard Business Contract and treats constraints which hinder the introduction of the institution.

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One hundred and fifty-five years ago, Yukichi Fukuzawa, a great contributor to the modernization of Japan, was born. He is well known and respected throughout Japan, and his drawing is on “the ¥10,000 note.” He was a philosopher, writer and scholar. One of his greatest concerns in life was the structure of the Japanese educational system. Thus, in order to share his ideas and philosophy he wrote a book entitled Recommendations for Study (GAKUMON-NO-SUSUME). Through his cancern and efforts, he greatly contributed to the Japanese educational system, and founded the well known univertsity in Tokyo called Keio University. At the age of twenty-seven, Fukuzawa made his first trip to the United States. When he was twenty-nine he travelled to Europe and again at the age of thirty-four he visited U. S. again. Through his travels he became acquainted with foreign relations, studies, and philosophies. He read a great deal of books by foreign authors, and held a deep desire to travel. Even up until his death, Fukuzawa was known to travel throughout Japan. Fukuzawa was fond of sightseeing even before the concept was known to Japan and prompted many people to visit the internationally well-known sight of Hakone. As a scholar of the topic of sightseeing myself, I would like to draw upon Fukuzawa’s thought and trace his history of travel. It is through this report that I would like to present the life of Fukuzawa and his development of the concept of sightseeing.

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Being a committee member of International Garden and Greenery Expositon, the writer had discussions of the basic concept, which have ideas of the harmony between natural surroundings and urban civilizations, to show ideas of human environments for mankinds of next century Above ideas can give us hints of new tourism in basic meannings, in senses of physical plannings and human manners concerning future world. In Japanese traditions, ways to create cultural widsdoms are based upon experiences of past cultures and natural identities; and same spirits must develop ways to create Japanese proposals for designs of future tourism environments, in widest senses of harmony.

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In my previous paper entitled “Chinese Tourism Industry as Part of Foreign Opening Policy in People’s Republic of China” (“Reports for the Japan Academic Society of Tourism” No. 17. 〔January 20, 1987〕, No.18. 〔November 10, 1987〕), I proved with definite data that the role of the tourism industry in China has become more effective to earn foreign currencies than that of the foreign trade industry since the transition to an opening economic policy in the country. In this paper I am raising three countries as examples, namely China, Burgaria and Fiji, to explain that, in order for underdeveloped or underdeveloping countries to proceed with their economic development policies, foreign currencies earned from the tourism industries are considered very important immediate funds that can be appropriated without hesitation as the need arises in those couatries. Lastly, giving the example of recent China I would like to add that the stability of political situation is the most important condition to activate the tourism industry in such underdeveloped or developing countries as above.

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Fueled by the incentives created by the New Resort Law, corporations’ new venture business divisions are busy pursuing the opportunities to expand and restructure the domestic market. Although, strategically, the incorporation of the joint venture type relationship-whereby a master planner is designated to assume the role to coordinate and integrate the several operations-has been accepted as an effective vehicle to gain access to this expanding market, successful adoption of such a strategy has yet to be realized. At the expense of the traditional collective management styles of the Japanese firm, failure to define the master planner has forced a situation whereby leadership and decision making roles go unassumed. This article penetrates the system, accentuates the shortcomings of the collective managerial system, and ultimately defines the proponents considered essential to executing an effective “JV-type” resort development strategy.

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The Japan Travel Bureau, presently the world largest travel agent now, originated from a semi-governmental organization called the Japan Tourist Bureau in 1911 for the purposes of promotion and reception of foreign tourists. The Bureau was run with annual fees of members such as Japanese National Railways, shipping companies, hotels etc. The Bureau offered services to foreigners free of charge. In those days most tourists came to Japan by ships, so their number was limited to around 30,000 at the most. However to meet the increased cost of management, revenues other than annual members’ fees, which in any case was inelastic against inflation had to be found. The Bureau relied on commission from ticket sales to foreigners and Japanese nationals gradually, since the Japanese had also begun traveling for pleasure from the end of the Taisho Era (1912-1926). However the Japanese National Railways, the biggest tourist business in those days, was reluctant to offer commission on single tickets and did not do so until 1932. Once the commission was allowed and all group tour business handled by the Railways transferred to Japan Tourist Bureau in 1935, the Bureau was developed under the assistance of the military regime. After the war ended, the Japan Tourist Bureau re-emerged as Japan Travel Bureau.

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The tendencies of recreation and tourism are changes in time or site, and green fields should be considered, including the problem of construction of golf courses, which occupy large areas of land. (1) The estimation of the qualities and quantities of green in the environment are different depending on the location. ① The relation of the increase of CO2 to a warming up of the earth is not clear, especially concerning a possible rise in the ocean levels. But certain creatures will receive a fatal blow even if only minute changes occur. Humanbeings must be careful of actions that greatly affect nature. ② The percentage of forest area in Japan is high, but the area per capita is low. The forest land is mainly in areas where it is difficult to carry out agriculture, such as subfrigid zones which are too cold to grow crops in some summers, tropical rainy zones where it is difficult to maintain fertility due to the high temperature and humidity, and areas like Japan, which have steep slopes and erosion and fertility problems. There are many types of forests, depending on the forest zone and the condition of their establishment. (2) The green environment has deteriorated during the last 200 years due to the activities of humankind. To adequately address the local problems of a green environment, the green campaign should be divided into two stages: local and global. The recent development of the technology of biological production is the first green revolution. The second green revolution will be the productive activity of biotechnology which will move beyond the theory of probabilities of the evolutionary process. It should be during the consideration of these second stage that tourism and recreation are further developed. (3) Familiarity with the types of green differs, depending on the people, location and period. Usually, Japanese enjoy, respect and are fond of green environments. They maintain the vegetation in the grounds of shrines and temples, even in cities. It is different condition from the domesticated forest surrounding some cities in Europe and North America. (4) Golf courses in Japan, which has 12 million golfers, are situated on topography and geology which is fragile and steep, and also it is considered that there are too many of them. The construction of golf courses must be taken into account in local planning, and they must follow the restrictions imposed by social problems. They can be promoted in open areas, such as continents and waste lands but not in dangerous zones, islands, and densely populated areas. (5) Mankind in the twenty-first century will spread out tourism and recreation by changing the environmental situation. The problems concerning green are presented such as a change of tax reduction for agriculture fields in cities to increase residential areas, although there are few parks per capita, and the same for construction of golf courses in Japan. It is important to have a broad and long-term prospective.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear the developments, regional characteristics and environmental assessment of Whistler mountain resort in British Columbia, Canada and Cancun seaside resort in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. As both resorts have good locations with attractive tourist resources and big tourist markets being on the border with the United States of America, the Government and many private enterprises have invested a large amount of money for the development of tourism in building the infrastructure, hotels, shopping centers, convention center and other tourist facilities after 1970’. As a result, both resorts have excellent conditions (natural and built-up) for tourism due to the careful and wise planning of two Governments in developing tourism but taking into consideration the preservation of the natural environment. A lot of foreign tourists especially from United States visit Whistler for skiing mainly in winter, and Cancun for water recreations throughout the year. Younger people from outside are moving to Whistler and local community is realizing. The number of tourists in both resorts will be increased in the near future. Thus, it is necessary for the sake of social tourism to be careful and regulate the volume of tourists which will lead to increased hotel rates so as to maintain the present rates.

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Recently, the number of city hotels which has physical fitness clubs is on the increase and they have a tendency to elevate the image of the hotel to that of high-class hotels. On the other hand, many kurhouses are built as health resorts using hot spring. An investigation has been conducted through questionnaires to male and female students as representatives of the young that can become good customers of the above-mentioned facilities in the next generation. In general, the students have an expectation that the physical fitness clubs in hotels will be more thriving in the future although their cognition of them at present is not very high.

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