I reconstructed the eruptive sequence of the An-ei eruption (1779-1982) of Sakurajima volcano based on documentary records. The important results are as follows; first, submarine eruption started earlier than the entrance of terrestrial lava flow into the sea; second, a larger volume of magma intruded into the sediments at the bottom of the sea, and generated a large submarine cryptodome. When magma was ejected, floated islets consisting of giant pumice were formed for a while, which were subsequently followed by violent phreatomagmatic eruptions, and finally massive lava appeared on the sea. However, when the sandy islets were uplifted, they were not accompanied by any eruptions. All the islets were formed nearly within a year, then followed by submarine explosions that generated tsunami. The explosions were produced by the interaction between seawater and the intruded magma of the An-ei cryptodome. Some tsunamis might be triggered by landslides on the slope of the submarine cryptodome. I found similar explosion vent structure at Yuwandake, an early Pleistocene intrusive body into wet sediments, to the northwest of the Aira caldera. Funnel-shaped vent breccia penetrated the central part of the jointed Yuwandake lava, suggesting that the submarine explosion occurred at the final stage of the consolidation of magma. Similar vent structures may exist in the An-ei submarine cryptodome.

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The eruptive history of Mashu volcano, located at the southeastern rim of Kutcharo caldera in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, has been divided into three stages: stratovolcano building, caldera-forming and central cone building. Tephrostratigraphy and eruption styles of the latter two stages were reinvestigated in conjunction with petrological analysis. We found new evidence of several eruptions from the volcano. These data, combined with recent ¹⁴C ages and the presence of wide-spread tephras, allow us to evaluate the temporal evolution of eruptive activity and styles of Mashu volcano during the last 14,000 years. After the formation of the stratovolcano, activity of the caldera forming stage started with plinian eruption (Ma-l) about 14cal ka. Approximately 7.5cal ka, climactic caldera-forming activity began with a phreatomagmatic eruption (Ma-j) followed by plinian falls (Ma-i～g), and a catastrophic pyroclastic flow (Ma-f) occurred resulting to the formation of the summit caldera, 7.5×5.5km in diameter. Total volume of the climactic eruption deposit is estimated to be 18.6km³. Temporal variation of pumice/lithic fragment and white (silicic)/gray (mafic) pumice ratio with eruption sequence suggest withdrawal of a zoned magma chamber with more silicic magma overlying more mafic one through the newly opened and enlarging vent. In the central cone building stage, at least eight eruptions (Ma-e, Ma-e´, Ma-d, Ma-c4～-c1 and Ma-b, in ascending order) have occurred repeatedly during the last 6,000 years. The latest eruption (Ma-b: ca. 0.9cal ka) was the largest one in this stage. Although most of the tephra layers in this stage are composed of pyroclastic fall deposits, thin pyroclastic flow deposits can also be recognized from the two eruptions (Ma-e and-d). Juvenile materials in the Mashu tephras are commonly pyroxene dacite (SiO₂=64-72wt.%, K₂O=0.5-0.7wt.% in whole-rock compositions). The pumice of the caldera-forming stage are nearly aphyric (1～6wt.%), whereas those of the central cone building stage are more porphyritic (13～24wt%). They can be also distinguished in SiO₂-oxides diagrams. Most of Mashu tephras consist of gray fine ash layers including blocky lithic/pumice fragments and accretionary lapilli, indicative of magma-water interactions. In the case of large eruptions, such as the climactic caldera-forming eruption (Ma-j～f) and Ma-b, eruptive styles changed from the wet to dry due to increase of the magma/water ratio. The long-term magma discharge rate was 0.8 and 0.3km³ DRE/ky during the last 14,000 and 6,000 years, respectively. Mashu volcano can be interpreted as one of the most productive and active volcanoes in Japan during Holocene.

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