At a C/N ratio of 20, increase in the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in the medium causes an increased consumption of sugar and ammoniacal nitrogen. The percentage yield of yeast and acids calculated on the basis of sugar consumed decreases with the increase of concentration.
The consumption of nitric nitrogen decreases when the concentration of sucrose increases from 0.5 to 1.0 percent, but further increase in the concentration does not affect its consumption.
The increase of concentaation causes an increase consumption of nitrogen, which is mostly ammoniacal in nature, and also the wastage of nitrogen, if these values are considered in terms of grams. However, if the percentage loss of nitrogen is calculated on the basis of total nitrogen consumed, all the concentrations investigated were found to remain almost constant. This proves that the loss of the fixed nitrogen of the culture takes place during the process of its utilization for the formation of cellular materials, and it is not formed extracellularly or by independent enzymic systems of the yeast cells.

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The turbidity or the transmittance of a protein solution was found to be influenced by a substance or a material present near it. Temperature had nothing to do with this phenomenon. This was demonstrated with solutions of various egg proteins and also with diluted solutions of human serum.
This effect of a substance could be observed all around the substance, but the effect varied with the direction in which the protein solution was placed. Thus the pattern of the effect around a substance was extremely complicated.
Even when the same substance was the object of investigation, the pattern was found to be different depending on the time of the investigation and the place where the substance was placed. It was impossible, therefore, to obtain two identical patterns even when the investigation was made with the same substance.
These strange phenomena have previously been found with a kind of bacteria and also with two kinds of seeds. In the case of these organisms, their growth rates were taken as the criteria, while in this case of protein solution the degree of change in its turbidity was measured. The effect of a substance which was beneficial for the growth of the bacteria was frequently noted by an increase in the turbidity of a protein solution.
It is considered that the X-agent may be involved in a change of some fine structure in the protein molecule. The change in the turbidity can be accounted for by assuming that the X-agent is capable of liberating by this change certain active structures or radicals which enable the molecule to combine with the others. Its effect upon the growth of the organisms can be explained in the same manner.

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1) According to Okabayashi's intraparanasal sinuses infection method, experiments were successfully performed to produce acute diffuse glomerulonephritis in the kidneys of some rabbits infected with strains of group A hemolytic streptococci. These strains were isolated from the throats of nephritis patients, the confirmed cases of epidemic nephritis in 1955 and 1956.
2) Since the positive cases obtained were only few, any evaluations on the difference of nephritogenic capacities between the two types of streptococci used were not thought to be justified.
Positive cases were obtained by use of type 12 and type 6. However, the most typical case of glomerulonephritis was that infected with type 12, and four out of five cases of early hematuria were also due to type 12 infection. None of the nephritis cases was found in the group infected with each of the standard stock strains of type 12 and type 6.
3) For the apparent establishment of experimental acute glomerulonephritis, some chronic pathologic lesions produced secondarily as metastasis seemed to be necessary besides the primary focus at the paranasal sinuses. It was also clarified that hematuria could be classified, according to the time of occurrence, into an early and a late stage.

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1. Specificities of blood group substances A, B, and C in the R form bacteria would assumedly be determined by a special arrangement of galactose, combined to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
2. The low-grade O(H) specific activity of the heterophile human red cell antigen in the S form Sh. dysenteriae disappears when this bacterium becomes R form through variation. This fact can be explained by the loss of a particular arrangement of galactose necessary for the manifestation of this activity. The disappearance of high-grade O(H) specific activity, related to the somatic antigen 13 of Salm. poona, upon variaion from S into R form can be explained by the loss of fucose, which is the determinant group of this activity.
3. F_A specific activity of Forssman antigen, which is found in the S form of Salm. paratyphi B in association with somatic antigen 5 and the specific activity of A substance, which is found in Salm. riogrande and E. freundii B₉₀ in association with somatic antigen 40, disappear when these bacteria become R forms through variation. This fact can be explained by the loss of a particular arrangement of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine required for the manifestation of this activity. E. freundii B₁₂₄ and B₁₃₁, unlike B₉₀, manifest strong A activities only after variation into their R forms.
4. The partial disappearance, after variation into R form, of the specific activity of B substance, which is found in the S form of E. coli O₈₆ in association with somatic antigen 43 of Salmonella, can be explained by the disappearance of a special arrangement of galactose necessary for the manifestation of this activity.
5. The S form of E. coli O_127a and of E. coli O_127a, O_127b not only possess similar O(H) activity, determined by fucose, but also similar sugar composition as that of the S form of Salm. Poona.

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(1) Hemolysis with staphylococcal alpha hemolysin was maximal and constant between the pH's of 6.0 and 8.0.
(2) Succinic anhydride and iodine had inhibitory effects on alpha hemolysin. Fixation of hemolysin to red cells was affected by change in pH, and no attachment occurred at pH 10.5. These experimental results may show that phenolic hydroxyl and amino groups of hemolysin are necessary to fix hemolysin to red cells.
(3) Salt was required for hemolysis itself and not for attachment of hemolysin to red cells.
(4) The change in permeability of cell membrane by alpha hemolysin could not be demonstrated.
(5) Mg⁺⁺, Ba⁺⁺, Sr⁺⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ inhibited hemolysis.

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The mature spores of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium histolyticum were enveloped by the sporangium cell wall and exosporous sporangium cytoplasm, and, especially in Clostridium tetani, the exosporium of a characteristic nature was formed in the exosporous sporangium cytoplasm, enveloping the proper spore portion. The proper spore portion possessed the structures in the following order as observed from the outer side, (1) the outer spore coat of three layered structure, (2) the less dense intermediate space having the remains of the cytoplasm, (3) the inner spore coat, (4) the cortex, a relatively less dense portion, and (5) the dense core which is located in the center of the spore. The so-called nuclear elements of lower density is situated within the core.
In the initial stage of the sporulation process, the nuclear site, which is located correspondingly to the expected place of spore formation, was enlarged ; and the less dense bordering layer, which limited the spore portion from the sporangium cytoplasm, appeared, taking a part of the cytoplasm into the spore. Following this, at the outside of the bordering layer, the dense outer spore coat began to appear fragmentarily, gradually proceeding to envelop the whole spore. At about the same time, the formation of the core by means of the complex intermingling of the nuclear material with the cytoplasm in the spore portion was initiated. Also, the inner spore coat and cortex became distinct around the core. The other nuclear sites, except the one which was included in the sporulation process, became contracted and finally disappeared during the process.
The first indication of the spore germination process was the appearance of distinct nuclear elements, the movement of the nuclear elements to the interior of the spore, and the swelling of inner spore coat and cortex. Following this, the nuclear apparatus appeared in the nuclear elements which had been already turned to the nuclear sites. This is accompanied by the change in the characteristic compact spore cytoplasm into a spongy structure. On the other hand, the cell wall of newly germinated vegetative cells appeared as the inner spore coat and cortex disappeared. The cell wall was believed to originate from the membrane which enveloped the core.
Anomalous sporulation process and malformed spores were also described.

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Six strains of B. anthracis and three strains of B. cereus were studied with aid of a new technique to compare the nucleic acid contents of vegetative cells and of the spores derived from the same bacilli. Most of the vegetative cells of B. anthracis contained approximately twice as much nucleic acid phosphorus as their spores. Vegetative cells of B. cereus contained two to three times as much nucleic acid phosphorus as their spores. It was observed that spores of virulent strains of B. anthracis contained more DNA phosphorus than the spores of avirulent strains.

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Malachitegreen-fuchsin staining method was employed on Group-A Streptococcus.
The use of 0.01% tannic acid for the pretreatment resulted in a difinite differential staining effect, which is similar to those observed in other groups of bacteria. Stainability to malachitegreen and viability of the cells correlated very well with each other, and the former is lost by depolymerization or the removal of DNA from bacterial cells.

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1) Hβ-proteinase from Habu venom was purified by a chromatographic technique. The enzyme thus obtained is homogeneous by ultracentrifugation.
2) The proteinase was completely inhibited by metal-chelating agents, such as EDTA, o-phenanthroline, and KCN. The action of EDTA was reversed by the addition of some divalent metals. It may be, therefore, that the divalent metals are involved in enzyme action or stability.
3) Hβ-proteinase caused significant myolysis with hemorrhage. These pathological lesions could be caused by proteinases from other sources, such as Pronase and Nagarse.

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The mode of antimicrobial action of trichomycin on C. albicans was investigated from the biochemical standpoint. The first step of the investigation involved an inquiry into the effect of trichomycin on carbohydrate respiration by C. albicans.
Trichomycin inhibited not only the oxidation of glucose but also that of several other carbohydrates in concentrations lower than the minimum amount required to inhibit the growth of C. albicans completely. Therefore, the inhibitory action on respiration was considered as being primary for the mode of action of the drug. However, these inhibitory effects on the carbohydrate respiration decreased with the lapse of reaction time. Accordingly, it was considered that the inhibitory effects progressed reversibly and were lacking in the specificity for oxidation substrate. In regards to the mechanism by which the aerobic carbohydrate dissimilation was inhibited by trichomycin, it was supposed that the drug might inhibit the condensation of pyruvate and oxalacetate. This reaction is the first step in the oxidation of carbohydrates and the intercept of the first half of the reactive process in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Furthermore, trichomycin exerted a strong inhibitory effect upon the adaptive oxidation of sucrose which was decomposed after a long lag period. Finally, it was considered that the drug might also prevent the adaptive process.
However, as for the mode of inhibitory action on respiration, several possible explanations may come into existence. For this reason the present study should be reconsidered after further investigation is made on the effects of trichomycin on other metabolic pattern concerned with C. albicans.

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Infection of HeLa cells with Bacterium tularense was investigated. A few organisms were taken up by host cells when horse serum was incorporated in the tissue culture medium, and these organisms grew well in the cytoplasm day by day, and eventually, damaged the cells.
Employing this tissue culture system, the activity of antibiotics against intracellular B. tularense was studied. Streptomycin and kanamycin did not inhibit growth of the organisms within the cells even at a concentration as high as 1000meg per ml in the culture medium, whereas chloramphenicol and tetracycline were bacteriostatic for the intracellular organisms at a concentration of 1.0mcg per ml.

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The authors confirmed that strains of E. coli, which were isolated from human feces and resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfonamide, could produce the same multiple-resistant clones of Shigella by mixed cultivation. Using a single resistant strain as the donor, it was possible to transfer single resistance, such as streptomycin or tetracycline resistance.
The transfer of the resistance-factor by the mixed culture was succeseful intergenetically and interspecifically with Escherichia and Shigella. Since the transfer of resistance occurred without accompanying unselected markers, the induced resistant clones maintained the same biochemical and serological characteristics as those belonging to the sensitive recipient strain. As for the mechanism, the results obtained suggested the similarity of the transfer of resistance-factor to that of the colicinogenic factor.

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