The effect of myxoviromycin on influenza virus infection in mice was studied. The efficiency of the treatment was chiefly discussed from the view point of the survival rate of mice receiving a dosage of 30-300LD₅₀.
The possibility of a combined therapy of antibiotic and antiserum was investigated and a definite synergistic effect was demonstrated. When the infective dose was 300-3000LD₅₀, an intraperitoneal injection of immune serum immediately after infection and subcutaneous injection of 1mg of myxoviromycin 6 hours after infection completely or partly, at least, protected the mice from the death.

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1. An epidemic of furunculosis-like disease occurred among rainbow-trout in Gunma prefecture.
2. An agent isolated from lesions (SD) and water (SW) was identified as a vibrio classified as type 3 of Heiberg.
3. The disease could be regularly reproduced by introduction of the organisms into susceptible trout.
4. A strain isolated by Hoshina in the same epidemic proved to have identical bacteriological and biochemical properties.
5. Biochemical and bacteriological properties of the strains are described.
The authors are indebted to Professors T. Hoshina, Tokyo University of Fisheries, for placing the Hoshina strain at our disposal.

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It is very difficult to induce anaphylactic shock in mice injected with heterologous protein, but Parfentjev et al. and Kind reported that sensitization together with pertussis vaccine results in the easy production of anaphylactic shock in mice. However, the mechanisms are yet unknown. In the present experiment conducted in order to make it clear, the following results were obtained:
In each group of mice injected intraperitoneally with normal horse serum
together with H. pertussis Phase I, H. pertussis Phase III, H. parapertussis and H. bronchisepticus, respectively, anaphylactic shock to horse serum developed at a high rate only among those receiving H. pertussis Phase I, but not extensively among the other groups. The manifestations of anaphylactic shock could be completely inhibited by pre-treatment with cortisone. Halpern and Roux reported that the histamine sensitizing property is characteristic of H. pertussis Phase I and Pittman showed that the protective potency of H. pertussis closely parallels the histamine sensitizing capacity.
In addition to those results, it is indicated from the present experiment that the anaphylactic sensitizing property also may be one of the characteristics essential to H. pertussis Phase I.
Malkiel and Hargis denied the existence of a direct relationship between the histamine sensitizing property and the anaphylactic sensitizing property of H. pertussis. In their studies mice, separately inoculated with horse serum and pertussis vaccine, became markedly susceptible to histamine, but showed hardly any anaphylactic shock. In the present experiment, however, anaphylactic sensitizing property existed only in H. pertussis, but not in H. parapertussis nor in H. bronchisepticus both of which possess the toxin common to H. pertussis. Moreover, this property was entirely resistant to heating at 60ª for 30 minutes, butcompletely destroyed at 80ª for the same periods.
These two results agree with those obtained by Maitland et al. concerning the histamine sensitizing property. Taking into consideration the similarities of both properties, we cannot accept Malkiel and Hargis's conclusion, and assume instead that the two reactions resulting from the inoculation of pertussis vaccine have a close relationship to each other. Further conclusions on this problem, of course, should be drawn only after further separation and purification of these sensitizing factors.

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Protoplasts of Pseudomonas fluorescens A. 3.12. were obtained by the use of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in a alkaline hypertonic medium.
Mandelic acid dehydrogenase, which is known to be a particulate-bound enzyme, was recovered in the ghost fraction.

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The occurrence of histidine decarboxylase activity in 84 strains of Morganella has been investigated. Irrespective of source, all were found to be capable of forming histamine. It has been observed that histidine decarboxylase is produced by adaptation to environmental conditions and that the enzyme shows no decrease in activity in successive subcultures on nutrient agar slant. This enzyme action is to be regarded as one of the important biochemical characteristics of members of the genus Morganella.
The circular paper chromatography method used for quantitative determination of histamine in culture media is a practical and useful technique for screening histamine formers.

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Using a frozen-thawed filtrate prepared from a strain of Sh. flexneri (EW 19), the occurrence of antigenic change I to IV as well as III to IV has been observed experimentally.
The antigen changing factor was considered to be the temperate phage possessed by Sh. flexneri 4c (EW 19).
The antigenically changed strains had biological properties similar to their parent strains. There were no indications that the biological characteristics of the strains from which the filtrate was prepared were introduced into the antigenically changed strains.

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1) Twenty samples of maternal sera were examined by the hemagglutination and hemolytic tests for antituberculous antibody. Sixteen out of 20 samples were positive and 4 negative in the former; 12 were positive and 8 negative in the latter.
Twenty samples of umbilical cord sera were also tested for both reactions. The hemagglutination test was negative in all samples while 12 out of 20 samples were positive in the hemolytic test.
It is considered that the specific complete tuberculous antibody which is thought to play a role in Middlebrook-Dubos' hemagglutination can not pass through placenta. At the same time, it is suggested by the present study that there may exist a correlation between the antibody tested in the hemolytic reaction and the incomplete antibody. However, it cannot be said at the present time that the specific complete antibody is unable to participitate in the hemolytic reaction.
2) A method for the detection of the incomplete antibody in tuberculosis has been devised by combining the Middlebrook-Dubos' test using sheep red cells sensitized with tuberculin fraction and the indirect Coombs' test.
Twelve positive and 8 negative samples of umbilical cord sera in the hemolytic test were examined by the new method. Out of 12 positive samples, 5 showed clear cut agglutination, the degree of the reaction being nearly parallel to that of hemolytic reaction; 5 showed slight agglutination; and 2 were negative. Although the incomplete tuberculous antibody is considered to be present in the 2 negative samples, it may not be measured due to the limits of the technique used. Eight negative samples in the hemolytic test were negative also in this method.
Therefore, tuberculous antibody appears to pass through the placenta in the form of incomplete antibody. As Coombs' test is one of the specific means among several techniques for the detection of incomplete antibody, the new method (Sindo and Utahashi's method) is considered to afford a reliable means of verifying the specific incomplete antibody content of sera by the use of sensitized red cells.

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1. Passive immunization tests against whooping cough (neutralization tests) were carried out by interarcerebral inoculation into mice of factor sersa corresponding to the toxin, L, S, O and agglutinogen.
2. The protection-governing antibody in the antiserum was found to have no relation with antibodies corresponding to Smolens' agglutinogen, O, and S antigen.
3. The L antibody and antitoxin in the antiserum obtained from living cells were considered to have little significance.
4. It was confirmed that a protective antibody which could not be demonstrated by an in vitro serum reaction but could be by a protection experiment was present in the antiserum, and that it played an important part in immunization.
5. The antigen protecting against infection with cells was markedly destroyed by heating at 56ª-60ª for 30 minutes.

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Endotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2b strain K₃ was extracted with good yield with 90% phenol and purified by fractionation with acetone.
Of the two active fractions obtained, one was determined as a lipid-peptide-polysaccharide complex and the other as a lipid-peptide-polysaccharide-nucleic acid (or purine base) complex, as a result of chemical analyses for nitrogen, phosphate-P and a 259mμ absorption band. It would appear that the presence of nucleic acid as a component of endotoxin is not essential for biological activity.
Toxicity and immunogenicity were remarkably reduced when the lipid and peptide fractions were split off from these complexes by acid or alkaline hydrolysis or trypsin digestion.

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1. Approximately 3 weeks after a single injection of Freund's adjuvant and homologous brain emulsion into muscle or the foot pad of guinea pigs, symptoms of meningoencephalitis occurred.
2. Histologic changes occurred soon after injection and before onset of clinical symptoms. The intensity of inflammatory changes did not always parallel the severity of the illness.
3. In paralyzed guinea pigs meningitis was followed by perivascular infiltration of round cells which in severe cases was accompanied by the destruction of myelin. However, demylination was generally mild.
4. Differences in the intensity and localization of pathological changes in the central nervous tissues was correlated with site of inoculation. Guinea pigs injected into the lumber region showed lesions in the spinal cord, while those injected in the neck showed lesions localized in the brain. Inflammatory reactions in groups injected into the thigh muscles and into the food pad were equally intense in the brain and spinal cord.
5. Histological observations of the tissue sections including the site of injection and surrounding bony structures revealed that in some cases the granulomatous tissues from the injection infiltrated into the vertebral canal and resulted in meningitis. Accordingly, the injection into the foot pad is considered the most suitable method to avoid this artifact.
6. Not all components of the adjuvant were equally effective in producing encephalomyelitis. Inoculurn without lanolin showed typical histological changes. However, owing to the decrease of the inoculum, there is a tendency for infiltration into vertebral canal. The injection of inoculum without tubercle bacilli induces a slight degree of menigitis but not the characteristic changes. Each group of guinea pigs injected with the inoculum without the paraffin oil or brain tissue was entirely free of the pathological changes.
7. Pathological changes of the other visceral organs were caused by tubercle bacilli.
8. There were no significant histological differences at the site of the injection or of the adjacent lymph node between the paralyzed and non-paralyzed guinea pigs.

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The presence of small concentration of milk in Serratia marcescens culture increases 2, 3 butanediol formation. This increase is further enhanced by increasing the amount of phosphate in the culture. However, the presence of calcium carbonate and milk with increasing doses of phosphate decreases the sugar consumption and 2, 3 butanediol formation.

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