Le but de cet article est de confi rmer le contexte historique de la formation de grands principes qui constituentl'enseignement public moderne et de réfl échir sur sa signifi cation actuelle à la perspective du changement socialaprès 20ème siècle.L'obligation scolaire et la gratuitéCes principes ont l'origine dans le processus de la formation des États-Nations occidentaux en 18-19ème siècle.Ils désiraient instruire les enfants en remplaçant l'Église chretienne et renforcer la puissance nationale. Il étaitd'abord diffi cile pour le peuple d'accepter l'obligation scolaire, mais elle est devenue au consensus national en raisonde ses utilités dans la société industrialisé. La gratuité était indispensable pour l'effi cacité de l'obligation.Aujoud'hui, on pose deux questions sur ces principes sous rapport du changement social:1) peut-on prolonger la scolarisation obligatoire jusqu'à la fi n du enseignement secondaire sans augmenter leséchecs scolaires?2) peut-on assurer le budget pour qu'on réalise la gratuité complètement de primaire à secondaire ou à supérieur?La laïcitéLa laïcité ou la laïcisation de l'enseignement scolaire, on la trouve une variété dans chaque État ou culture, maiselle a des traits communs que la direction de l'Église soit niée ou limitée par l'État et que le contenu d'instruction necomprenne aucune doctrine religieuse. En France, en particulière, ce principe est très maintenu strictement refl étantle confl it politico-religieux en 19ème siècle.Il faut qu'elle se modifi e devant le mouvement multiculturel ou la co-habitation avec le peuple païen. Questionimportante sur la société contemporaine, comme comment les êtres humaines assurent ses autonomies dans la sociétéplein d'hyper-science et de haut-technologie, aussi infl uencera la laïcité dans l'enseignement.

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A research of administrative organizations in prefectures and municipalities in Japan with populations ofover 10,000 citizens was conducted in 2009 (N=509). The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors whichcontribute to administrative organizational reform as revealed in the research.The in-depth examination of the results indicate that the cognition of the organizational boundary is ambiguous,resulting in a confusion between a local region and its administrative organization. Sixty-percent of leaders regardreforming organizational climate as important. Most of the answers emphasized behavioral change of staff ratherthan reforming organizational climate.The in-depth analysis shows: (1) A governor or mayor who regards reforming organizational climate andbehavior of staff as important and states it clearly in his or her manifests increases the possibility including suchreform in the comprehensive plans of his or her administration. (2) Refl ecting the vision of reform to the planleads to the introduction of new system and facilitates the behavioral change of the staff. (3) When the missionsand visions of the administrative organizations are mentioned clearly in the comprehensive plans, it increases thepossibility that items on the reform of organizational climates and behavioral change of staff are specifi ed in theplan. Specifying these items may enhance communication among the staff to improve their performance.

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This paper tried to clarify the extent to which they are asking external expertise improving managementsystems in China and Taiwan.Japan has experienced economic growth during the heyday of the 18-years term during 1950-1968.In thisstage, many management study groups sent to Europe and America.And the help of advanced Western management specialists came to Japan, aiming to enrich Japanesecompanies management system. Then this is marvelous economic development won the phenomenal word asrepresented in "Japan as Number One".China's economic development is expected as especially the driving force for sluggish world economy of today'sawful conditions.However, the actual management of individual companies in China and Taiwan in phase of corporatestrategy, management systems, especially, lack of adequate storage of management specialist.In order to clarify to ask help of outside management expertise and management consultant, the questionnairesurvey would be helpful to study the future management of China and Taiwan, that is the purpose of this paper.

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The author developed original group-works designed to experience interpersonal conflict in a group, fromwhich one can learn the way he/she is likely to behave in such a situation and what is needed to overcome conflicts. First tool(a jigsaw puzzle) to fulfi ll this purpose was developed in 2008 and was tried in the class of HumanRelations and Counseling Psychology at Nihonbashigakkan University. The puzzle consists of pieces of both-sidecoloredpaper. Two pairs of opposing information about the colors and the shape were assigned to each student ina group to complete the puzzle. So if one adheres to his/her own information the puzzle is diffi cult to complete.The degree of concession students experienced during the activity was reported in the questionnaire afterthe session. It showed contrast in half of the opposing information pairs in the Human Relations class. Also thedescriptions of the students about the group-work in the questionnaire completed after the session in both classesshowed the confl ict they experienced and what they learned from the work.In 2009 another new jigsaw puzzle was created and tried in the Human Relations Class again. This time thepuzzle was made in such a way that the complete shape itself was popular but that the level of confl ict of thegroup-work could be varied by given information and/or selection of the color combination of the right answer. Asthe confl ict level at this time was mild, the degree of concession reported by the student didn't show any distincttendency. However students' description of the experience showed the nature of conflict they experienced andwhat they learned.

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Purpose: The author evaluated the world view of schizophrenics in comparison with normal controls. Methods:The world view inquiry was performed with 41 in-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 50 normal controlsin 1996. Results: Frequently seen responses in schizophrenia were concreteness, affective responses, bipolarization,dispersion, conclusiveness, conceit, persecuted delusion (females), religious tendency (females), and relationshipdominance (females). Discussion: The tendencies seen in the responses of schizophrenics showed almost the samecognitive stage in the pre-operation period or concrete operation period in Piaget's cognitive development theory.This suggests that the instability in emotion such as extreme anxiety or fear should drive human beings to seeka stable state, which may consequently result in emotional regression. In chronic schizophrenics, regression in thecognitive stage occurred, as well as regression in emotion and emotional instability. This creates the strange logicof autistic thinking or archetypal thinking to keep a balance in the mind. The tendency shown in schizophrenicssuggests that schizophrenics accept subjective and specifi c experiences that occurred uncritically instead of criticallyadopting the experiences, or give the impression that their consciousness is clear by exclusively denying theghosts and the extraterrestrials (E.T.). This suggests consideration be given to the circumstances adding to thesickness itself. In this sense, even schizophrenics are under circumstance restrictions, and so the psychological effectof a given circumstances should be carefully considered.

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The issues regarding medical ethics in psychiatric treatment were considered and strategies to overcomeproblems were also examined. Prejudice against psychiatric patients still exists. In this paper, the history of thestigma attached to mental disorder, hospitalization of psychiatric patients, consultation of other medical department,and the prejudice of experts were discussed. Then, strategies to overcome the problems were also presented. Inconclusion, it was suggested that the introduction of training in holistic and complementary alternative medicineinto medical education may be useful.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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In Tsurayuki-shu, a collection of Kino Tsurayuki's tanka (traditional poems written in lines of 5,7,5,7,and 7syllables) works, the following love tanka is recorded:"Yoshinogawa iwanamitakaku ikumizuno hayakuzo hitowo omoisometeshi."This tanka is also included in Kokin-shu, the fi rst imperial anthology on Japanese poetry edited during the Heian era. Many annotation books say that the kami-no-ku or "upper phrase" "Yoshinogawa iwanamitakakuikumizuno" is regarded as "a decorative modifi er" for "hayaku", and that the upper phrase is a simile which means"like splashing water fl owing in the Yoshino river." Since an adverb "hayaku" has originally two different meanings,one such meaning is "violently, passionately, or extremely" and the other is "a long time ago," it is natural that people interpret it in two different ways. When the upper phrase, "Yoshinogawa iwanamitakaku ikumizuno"is treated as a decorative modifi er of "hayaku," two styles of interpretation come out and it is diffi cult to decidewhich one is correct in the poet's opinion.However, in interpreting the tanka, adding the meaning "like," to form the simile, to the original tanka is not appropriate because the original one does not have the word "gotoku" which means "like." This study will propose a new way of interpretation: treating the particle "no" in the upper phrase as a different particle "de." When we use "de" instead of "no," the upper phrase is not a decorative modifi er but just a group of words expressing Tsurayuki's feelings to a lady whom he really loves. Then the interpretation of the shimo-no-ku or ""lower phrase"" will be that "I love you passionately." In this case, the meaning of the adverb "hayaku" is automatically decided as"passionately".It is a fact that there are other tankas having the same line structure as"Yoshinogawa…" in Tsurayuki-shu.To interpret the particle "no" in a decorative modifi er in Tsurayuki's tankas mentioned above as a particle "de"makes Tsurayuki's works more profound. This way of expression is thought to be a characteristic of Tsurayuki's.In this article I propose a new interpretation of some of Tsurayuki's tankas by re-examining them using thisnew formula to determine the uniquness in his tanka work

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This paper reports a verifi cation study of the Chinese word "you-rang" in Tao Yuanming's poetry. It was used to express a sense of a relaxed or dreamy mind which was compared with subsequent examples of Wang Wei's poems. In this paper Wang Wei's "you-rang" is carefully considered to have been affected by Tao Yuanming. Thepurpose of the study is to clarify by an analysis of his literary works the change in the meaning of "you-rang."Previously several studies compared the poet's poems with those in the same period of Tao Yuanming's "you-rang."Despite these studies, no comparison has been made with the later one. Therefore, this paper establishes a new comparative method in the study of Chinese poetry. The research revealed that Wang Wei was one of the poetsaffected by Tao Yuanming; however, regardless of the use of "you-rang," it was not infl uenced by Tao Yuanming.

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