[in Japanese]

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There are many first-year students at college who worry about the difference from a high school. Moreover, foreign students need to take a lecture on a specialized subject in Japanese as a foreign language. It was found at the interview to a foreign student, that many foreign students who feel difficulty for study of a special subject. This research analyzed the textbook, specified as a first grader's lesson in Nihonbashi Gakkan University, from the lexical side. It was conducted in order to understand what kind of Japanese the foreign student contact with. As a result of the analysis, it requires a knowledge of vocabulary, old Level 2 of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, to understand the textbooks. And, specific nonrated words occur frequently, which can be called "technical term". The future challenges are: 1) how to teach specific nonrated words in the Japanese class. 2) How to make a cooperation between the special subject class and the Japanese class.

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The procedure of opening balance account is one of the most difficult topics in bookkeeping for students to understand. This difficulty results from the fact that bookkeeping teachers themselves do not always understand the principle procedure in opening balance account.Bookkeeping theory consists of explanations and reasons. Bookkeeping theory states the reason why opening balance account is what it is, why it is not otherwise, or why it might well be otherwise. Why are two entries necessary for opening entry, why equal amounts, and why must we enter each time on different sides, once as a debit and once as a credit?

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Recently, many people have observed the value of trunk muscle training. Trunk muscle training is divided into Local muscle group and Global muscle group, and it is thought that improving local muscle group is what is important, because if the body's trunk has stability and flexibility, limbs will move quickly and movements can be done correctly. In this research, an ultrasonic wave machine was used in order to measure muscular thickness. The subjects were eight people (29.6±6.5years) who seemed to have problems with the transversus abdominis muscle due to low back pain. Each subject performed four exercises, and the thickness of the external oblique muscle, the internal oblique muscle, the transversus abdominis muscle was measured before and after the exercise. In this study, of the four exercises, the exercise using the double redcord training resulted in thefinding that before the exercise, the internal oblique muscles were thicker than the external oblique (p<0.05) but following the exercise, the internal oblique muscle were thicker than the transversus abdominis. When analyzing the impact of the exercise on the various muscles, it can be said that based on before and after measurements, the internal oblique was thinned, and the transversus abdominis become thicker (p<0.05). It canbe said that using this double redcord training method will decrease the muscular thickness of internal oblique, while increasing the thickness of the transversus abdominis. The result of other types of exercise led to an increases muscular thickness of both the internal oblique as well as increasing the thickness of the muscle of transversus abdominis (p<0.05). The training methods of the past seem to need reexamination when thinking about muscular thickness of internal oblique increasing because it moves from the purpose of strengthening the activity of Local muscle training by strengthening the activity of Global muscle. The feature of double redcord training changes instability into stability to maintain proper posture. Double redcord training is unique in thatit suspends all four limbs, and has the subject do the exercises while suspended. In other words, it forces the subject to strive for stability in a unstable high stress environment. To stabilize posture, speedy individual muscle contractions need to cooperate with other muscle group contractions. The role of the transversus abdominis in this cooperative effort is critical. It was able to be concluded that double redcord training was a useful method from the viewpoint of effective body trunk training.

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David Garrick, in his long career as an actor, dramatist, and theatre-manager, continued to edit and produce the works of William Shakespeare successively, and to be praised as "the Best Commentator of Shakespeare" by his contemporaries. But the texts which he edited were, sometimes drastically and crucially, different from the Shakespeare's original texts, in spite of the fact that their productions were often advertised in their playbills and several publications `as written by Shakespeare.'This essay, taking his production of Macbeth as an example, as it is the first production for which he himself edited the text of Shakespeare and shares the common particularities of his successive Shakespearean productions, placing it in the context of the eighteenth-century London, and comparing with the adaptation of Macbeth of William Davenant which had been the only Macbeth in London before Garrick produced his own version of Macbeth, reveals the reasons why the eighteenth-century audience and critics could accept and praise the Garrick's Shakespearean productions `as written by Shakespeare.'For this purpose, in this essay, especially the three aspects of the production of Garrick's Macbeth are discussed: the emphasis on music and spectacle; the matter of plot; and the functional nature of Garrick's acting. Through the examination of these three aspects, this essay reveals what were the tastes of the theatre audienceand the current of thought in the eighteenth-century London, and, at the same time, the way how Garrick, adding several changes into the original text of Shakespeare and making full use of his acting, created the production which was recognized by his audience and critics `as written by Shakespeare.'

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Effectiveness of an intensive 2010 summer group-work experience for the first-year students of Human Psychology Division of Nihonbashigakkan University was examined through the questionnaire filled by the participants at the end of the program. The program was consisted of the administration of Kikuchi's Inquiry for Social Skills (KISS-18) with self-evaluation of one's problem, exercise of one-touch group crayon drawing (OGCD) , and poster drawing of a student-planned event celebrating 10th anniversary of the university.According to the descriptions written in the questionnaire, students' awareness of their problems by KISS-18 varied from concrete ones to abstract ones. The experience of OGCD brought to some students the tension came from the limit of one-touch and the joy for unexpected merger of different ideas, and also it brought to a few other students sense of difficulties to participate in the group-work. The experience of 10th anniversary poster drawing brought to some students the sense of improved communication abilities, and also to a few students still the sense of difficulties to give ideas or to talk. The drawn works of the 10th anniversary poster were more integrated than OGCD works. The help of second-year students posted to help first-year students, was not good enough on some occasions.

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This study examined the present state of integrative medicine (IM), problems regarding its frequency, and strategies for promotion of IM in Japan. In Germany, complimentary alternative medicine (CAM) is frequently used. In the U.S.A. and England, various CAM programs have become more common recently, mainly for cancer patients. In the U.S.A. and Germany, academic programs for IM exist for not only doctors but also co-medical staff, medical students, and citizens. In Japan, several clinics provide IM, but in academic situations, few programs regarding IM exist. Thus, the introduction of IM in Japan is needed. Here, strategies to introduce IM to Japan are examined. In medicine, the whole patient needs to be cared for, not just the disease. In that sense, IM would be considered an ideal type of medicine, and therefore, programs regarding IM should be developed. The founding of an IM college is needed, and furthermore, founding of a comprehensive CAM college is also needed to improveskills and to deepen awareness for co-medical workers, who would take important roles in IM.

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“Goko Shimbun” is one of the most famous newspapers near the last days of Tokugawa shogunate, that they were edited by FUKUCHI Gen’ichirō (Ochi) who became opinion leader in the first half of the Meiji era. In spite of the fact that the newspaper is continuing to be touched in many texts, detailed studies are very few, and the general view has many problems. So, in this article, after introducing reference books, I described the political climate of Japan around the 1867, when “Goko Shimbun” was founded, and I made a detailed analysis of the characteristics about the newspaper. And, looking at the problem of “discrepancy” and “treachery” which are related to his statements and actions, I made out a case for significance of studying the newspaper without depending on his memories.

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This article forms part of a study on the reception of Tao Yuanming 陶淵明during the Tang 唐, and it examines the word youran 悠然 appearing in the poems of Bo Juyi 白居易, a poet of the mid-Tang. The word youran appears in the line “youran jian nanshan” 悠然見南山 in the fifth of “Twenty Poems on Drinking Wine” by Tao Yuanming. There are numerous problems associated with this word youran, and much research has been conducted on it. On a previous occasion I provided an overview of this past research, added some observations of my own, and concluded that the word youran expresses a certain philosophical view of things. Examining how this word youran is used in the poems of the mid-Tang poet Bo Juyi, who was influenced by Tao Yuanming, is meaningful in two ways. First, it provides evidence of one interpretation of Tao Yuanming’s youran. Secondly, it can serve as a concrete study of the influence and reception of Tao Yuanming in the case of Bo Juyi. The word youran appears seven times in Bo Juyi’s poems, and each of these instances is taken up and analyzed in the present article. As a result, it was found that in two examples of Bo Juyi’s use of the word youran it expresses a certain philosophical view of things, similar to Tao Yuanming’s usage. I also discuss how the poems in which youran is used give expression to a poetic world distinctive of Bo Juyi.

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