The children who stutter in the school age are treated by the teachers of the Kotoba-no-Kyoshitsu (special speech classes) in the public elementary schools, in Japan. Many teachers of the Kotoba-no-Kyoshitsu try to talk with the children who stutter about their stuttering aiming to give them the message, " It's OK to stutter." Many children, however, are not willing to talk about their problems with others, probably because of their bitter experiences in the past. In order to clarify the points that the teachers should pay attention while they talk about stuttering with a child who stutter, a communicative interaction between a teacher and a sixth-grade girl who stutters, in which they talked about stuttering for the first time, was recorded with a VTR and analyzed. The analysis was made in terms of each utterance, the directions of the face, the facial expressions and the behaviors of the both. The findings were as follows: 1) As for the child, the directions of the face and the facial expression agreed with her feelings or thoughts on stuttering rather than her utterances. The teachers, therefore, should carefully watch the non-verbal behaviors of the children when they talk about their stuttering with the child who stutters. 2) When the child kept in silence or responded that she didn't know to the questions, the teacher tried to figure out the reasons of her responses. The teacher changed questions into easier form and more concrete substance, assuming that the difficulty of the question for the child. On the other hand, when the teacher assumed that the child's behavior is the expression of her rejection, she changed the subject itself. Calm and composed behaviors of the teacher often led the child to talk about her stuttering again. 3) If the teacher tried to listen and understand the child utterances, even when the child talked her experiences negatively, she talked more about her stuttering. The teacher should not insist the message," It's OK to stutter" to the child one-sidedly, but should talk about their life with stuttering to help them think their experiences concerning the stuttering in the past and help them accept their stuttering.

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The neoclassical paradigm of market economy is based upon the assumptions that economic agents are rational seeking profit maximization and utility maximization and that perfect competition and perfect information prevail in the market. The critics of the paradigm often point out that such assumptions are unrealistic and theories based upon unrealistic assumptions are not able to describe the economic reality. This paper attempts to examine one of such criticisms, i.e., market information is imperfect in a sense that it is asymmetrically provided with the agents.

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This paper focuses on the relationship between the mothers' child-care attitudes and their needs while parenting, for improvement of supporting child-care at the early stage after giving child. We conducted a questionnaire survey on 152 mothers in Tokyo metropolitan area who had baby younger than three months old. 86 mothers were primiparous and 66 were multiparous. And the questionnaire contains 25 items about the attitudes and 25 about the needs. All questions require answering with 5-level interval scales. In this study, the exploratory factor analysis reveals 5 factors from the items of the attitudes and 6 from those of the needs. Then t-test for comparing the factor scores of the primiparous with those of the multiparous shows that the primiparous become more nervous and more compulsive than the multiparous, and the primiparous tend to want social friendships and to rely on outside information from such human relations which helps them care baby. Furthermore the multiple regression analysis is conducted on both data of the primiparous and of the multiparous, for analyzing the relationship between the attitudes and the needs. The outstanding result from the analysis shows that the primiparous' "desires for disembarrassment from child care" is explained with positive aspects of child-care, but that of the multiparous is explained with negative aspects. Also the multiparous' search for self- fulfillment is related with their positive attitude for child-care.

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Nella seconda meta del Cinquecento nelle corti europee si diffuse una nuova moda: l'uso delle carrozze. Fino alia fine del secolo la carrozza divento il principale mezzo di locomozione dei nobili e inoltre ebbe un importante ruolo nel rituale della corte. La rapida diffusione delle carrozze influi anche sull'architettura e sull'urbanistica. A quel tempo, era necessario aggiungere le rimesse e la linea di flusso per le carrozze nei palazzi per i quali prima era stato previsto solo l'uso dei cavalli. A questo proposito si desidera analizzare I'influenza dell'uso delle carrozze nella progettazione dei palazzi secenteschi italiani, esaminando il caso fiorentino di Palazzo Pitti. Questa reggia dei granduchi di Toscana fu originariamente costruita come palazzo rinascimentale e poi trasformata nella seconda meta del Cinquecento, ma prima della decisiva diffusione delle carrozze. Per questo, nel secolo seguente, la necessita di aggiungere le varie attrezzature per le carrozze era molto evidente ed urgente. Fino al 1610 erano gia fatti il "passo" per le carrozze che va al giardino di Boboli. Inoltre, nei vari progetti non realizzati per la trasformazione del palazzo, si osservano le proposte delle attrezzature per le carrozze. Gia nel 1641 Alfonso Parigi, architetto del granduca, propose le rimesse ricavate nelle loggie della nuova ala aggiunta al palazzo, basato sull'opinione del principe Giovanni Carlo, un fratello del granduca. Anche Diacinto Maria Marmi, "Guardaroba" ed ingegnere del granduca, negli anni '60 e '70, propose vari progetti che includono le grandi rimesse delle carrozze, la sistemazione della piazza, palatina adattandola ad ospitare un gran numero di carrozze, e la nuova linea di flusso che conduce le carrozze dal cortile al giardino di Boboli. Inoltre Paolo Falconieri, "Primo Gentiluomo di Camera" del granduca, quando propose il suo progetto dell'intera trasformazione della reggia nel 1681, considero che la insufficenza delle attrezzature per le carrozze fosse uno dei piu gravi difetti del palazzo granducale. Falconieri si occupo particolarmente della risistemazione delle linee di flusso delle carrozze; infatti egli osservando il principio del decorum, divise chiaramente la linea per le carrozze del granduca e dei principi da quella per il "servizio basso". Risulta quindi evidente che gli architetti ed i cortegiani della corte secentesca del granduca rivolsero sempre una certa attenzione al problema delle carrozze, benche la maggior parte delle loro proposte fossero destinate a rimanere a livello di progetto.

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Effects of endurance training under hypobaric hypoxia and climbing on soft parts tissue of thigh were investigated in 6 male climbers aged 31 years old in average. For simulated altitude training, a submaximal pedaling on Monark ergometer (6Orpm) for 30min. at ventilatory threshold (RPE:13-15) was performed for 11 weeks with once per week at 4,000m〜7,000m in hypobaric simulator (60m^3) before departure for climbing. For the cross-sectional area measurement of thigh, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was used for 50% region between the trochanter major and the lateral intercondylar tuberculum. The cross-sectional area of leg muscles did not show any significant changes, however, the cross-sectional area of fat was significantly reduced after the mountain climbing. It might be suggested that simulated altitude trainung and climbing caused the enhancement of lipolysis in tissues by hypoxia and exercise.

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