Following the internationalization of milk prices and the liberalization of milk production after the abandonment of the milk quota scheme in the EU, coupled payment targeting the dairy sector was generalized and support measures in less favored areas were reinforced. Some cases observed in areas with few dairy farms have shown that providing raw milk for AOC cheese, ensuring milk collection by means of conversion into organic agriculture, and scaling up by obtaining additional milk quota are some of the strategies adopted.

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“Green Brexit”, the post-Brexit farming policy in the UK, is based on the idea of spending public money for public goods. The UK will abolish the Basic Payment Scheme that accounts for over 60% of British farm income, and will introduce a new land management policy that is based on current Countryside Stewardship. Public goods include not only the environment but also animal welfare, health, education, and rural community. Japan's agricultural sector can learn from UK's Green Brexit with regard to the targeted policy strategy and the idea of new farm certification method.

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This study aims to clarify why US farmers support the Donald J. Trump administration and what they hope this administration would do, taking California's rice farming as an example. Farmers feel that resource and environmental conservation policies promoted by a Democrat-controlled state government are liberal-leaning and would disrupt free enterprise as well as conservative values and traditional way of life. Farmers strongly support the Republicans because the Republicans adhere to the principle of small government and have conservative values.

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Pre-capitalist elements of production as a specificity of farming villages are a key issue in the discussion of low wages in rural areas by Marxian agricultural economists in particular. However, each researcher has a unique understanding of the specificity. This study has shown that former Marxian analyses of rural low-wage problems have assumed a perfectly competitive labor market, and researchers have focused on markets disturbed by pre-capitalist elements. Marxian agricultural economists assumed that equilibrium wage in the market was the “standard” and treated other low wages as “specific”, and concluded that the pre-capitalist elements of farming villages resulted in “specific” low wages by disturbing the perfectly competitive labor market. This study clarifies that Marxian agricultural economists have this classical or neo-classical labor market assumption and that rural labor markets have low wages even without the disturbance by pre-capitalist elements.

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This study focused on the “Labor Market Based Theory”introduced by Professor Ryoichi Yamazaki, specifically the relationship between the Yamazaki theory and “the Capital”system, and the theory of wages. Regarding the former, the depletion of the farming population in “the Capital” system was explored. Regarding the theory of wages, the low wages of labors in the Tohoku region, value transfer and wage structure for monopoly profit, etc. were examined. Based on these theories, the relationship between capital and agriculture in Japan was elucidated.

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